Broadcasting Industry Terminology
Addressable Advertising
The ability to deliver different ads to different households or devices watching the same program, using data to target segments while preserving linear workflows. Enables finer targeting and measurement in linear and CTV.
We ran an addressable campaign to households with sports fans; ATSC 3.0 trials enabled addressable spots during live news; Addressable CPMs are higher but waste is lower
Affiliate
A local station that carries a national network’s programming under an affiliation agreement but is independently owned. Receives network content and often sells local ad inventory.
Our NBC affiliate leads late news; The network raised affiliate compensation; The station switched affiliates in that DMA
ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV)
The IP-based U.S. broadcast TV standard enabling 4K, HDR, advanced audio, robust reception, targeted ads, interactive apps, and datacasting. Backward-incompatible with ATSC 1.0.
The market launched an ATSC 3.0 lighthouse; We’re using HEVC for ATSC 3.0 video; Single-frequency networks improve ATSC 3.0 coverage
Audience Share
The percent of TVs in use that are tuned to a given program or station at a time. Differs from rating, which uses all TV households as the base.
The 10 pm newscast posted a 12 share; Our share spiked during storm coverage; We beat the competitor in share but not in rating
AVOD (Advertising Video on Demand)
On-demand video services monetized primarily through advertising rather than subscriptions. Often includes dynamic ad insertion and frequency management.
We added an AVOD tier to the app; AVOD CPMs outpaced linear this quarter; AVOD vs SVOD trade-offs were discussed in the board meeting
Blackout
A restriction that prevents a program from being aired in a particular region or platform due to rights, league rules, or carriage disputes.
In-market games faced RSN blackouts; The MVPD enforced a temporary blackout during negotiations; Blackout rules vary by sport and territory
Broadcast Delay
A short delay inserted before live content airs to censor profanity, dump mistakes, or align feeds across markets. Often 5–10 seconds.
We added a 7-second delay for the awards show; The producer hit the dump button on delay; The delay buffer helps sync regional stations
Broadcast Rights
Legal rights to air, stream, or otherwise distribute content across territories, platforms, and time windows. Can be exclusive or non-exclusive.
We acquired national broadcast rights to the tournament; Digital rights were carved out separately; Windowing affected our rerun schedule
Carriage Agreement
A contract between a programmer (network) and a distributor (MVPD/vMVPD) that sets terms for channel carriage, fees, tier placement, VOD, and TVE rights.
Our carriage renewal with Comcast closes next quarter; The dispute triggered a station blackout; MFN clauses affect future carriage deals
Closed Captioning
On-screen text that represents program audio for deaf or hard-of-hearing audiences; required by regulation. Includes live and offline captions (CEA-608/708).
Live caption accuracy improved with re-speakers; We filed our annual captioning compliance; The caption encoder failed during the newscast
CPM (Cost Per Mille)
The price an advertiser pays per 1,000 impressions. A common currency across linear, CTV, and digital video.
Prime-time CPMs rose to $40; Addressable CPMs carry a premium; We shifted budget based on CPM efficiency
CTV (Connected TV)
Streaming video viewed on television screens via smart TVs, streaming boxes, or game consoles. Considered premium digital inventory with TV-like viewing.
CTV device mix skewed Roku over Fire TV; CTV frequency capping remains a challenge; We expanded supply via a FAST CTV channel
Daypart
Standard time blocks used for programming and ad pricing (e.g., morning, daytime, early fringe, prime, late fringe, overnight). Inventory value varies by daypart.
Prime sold out early in the upfront; We optimized the daypart mix for reach; Children’s ads are restricted in certain dayparts
Demographics
Audience characteristics such as age, gender, income, or ethnicity used to target buys and evaluate performance.
Our core demo is Adults 25–54; The show over-indexes with Hispanic audiences; We missed the A18–49 guarantee
DMA (Designated Market Area)
Nielsen-defined television markets that group counties by viewing patterns. Used for planning, buying, and exclusivity.
We cleared the show in 85% of DMAs; DMA ranks affect ad pricing; The station expanded coverage into an adjacent DMA
DVR (Digital Video Recorder)
Device/service that records linear TV for time-shifted playback. Ratings analysis may reference C3/C7 or L+3/L+7 windows.
DVR playback lifted L+7 by 20%; We set a series recording for the drama; DVR penetration influences live viewing levels
EAS (Emergency Alert System)
U.S. system that disseminates emergency information over broadcast, cable, and satellite, using protocols like CAP. Requires regular tests and logs.
We ran the monthly EAS test; The state updated its EAS plan; Our EAS encoder/decoder needs a firmware patch
EPG (Electronic Program Guide)
On-screen guide that lists programming schedules and metadata for channels. Powered by data from PSIP and third-party listings.
The EPG feed was late and listings were wrong; We added art and descriptions to the EPG; EPG tune-in tiles improved discovery
ENG (Electronic News Gathering)
Field news production using portable cameras, audio, and live transmission (microwave, cellular bonding, or satellite).
The ENG crew rolled to the fire; We used a bonded cellular backpack for the live shot; ENG safety training is mandatory
Encoder
Hardware or software that compresses audio/video into delivery codecs (e.g., HEVC) and protocols (HLS/DASH), controlling bitrate, latency, and quality.
We changed GOP size in the encoder; Switched to HEVC to cut bandwidth; The encoder failed over to the backup
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
U.S. regulator overseeing spectrum, station licensing, ownership, public files, indecency, and children’s programming rules.
The station’s FCC license renews this year; We updated the political file in the FCC database; Filed an STA with the FCC after tower damage
Free-to-Air (FTA)
Unencrypted over-the-air or satellite broadcasts receivable without subscription. Often used by public or international broadcasters.
The channel is FTA on Ku-band; Viewers can watch FTA with an antenna; We moved from FTA to a pay-TV tier
GRP (Gross Rating Point)
The sum of ratings points across an ad schedule; equals reach multiplied by average frequency. A key planning metric.
The flight delivered 350 GRPs in A25–54; We reallocated GRPs to prime; GRPs rose but effective reach did not
Headend
A cable/IPTV facility where signals are received, processed (transcode, encrypt, multiplex), and distributed (QAM/IP) to subscribers.
Added more edge QAMs at the headend; The headend migration to IP is underway; Headend redundancy is N+1
HEVC (H.265)
A video codec offering improved compression over H.264; used for 4K, HDR, ATSC 3.0, and bandwidth-efficient OTT.
Our ATSC 3.0 service uses HEVC; Licensing costs factored into HEVC decisions; We evaluated HEVC vs AV1
HLS (HTTP Live Streaming)
Apple’s adaptive bitrate streaming protocol using HTTP-delivered segments and playlists; widely supported across devices.
Published multiple HLS renditions; We tested Low-Latency HLS for sports; The app switched from DASH to HLS
HUT (Homes Using Television)
The percent of TV households with the TV on at a given time. Sets the ceiling for ratings and helps interpret share.
HUT levels jump during cold snaps; We plan spots along the HUT curve; Low summer HUTs reduce delivery
IFB (Interruptible Foldback)
A return audio system feeding talent an audio mix with the ability for producers to interrupt with cues and direction.
The director cut into the IFB with a time cue; IFB dropped during the live shot; We issued new wireless IFB packs
Ingest
The process of importing media into storage/MAM, adding metadata, and performing QC before editing or playout.
Automated ingest from satellite feeds; Loudness failed QC on ingest; We set up a watch-folder ingest
IPTV (Internet Protocol Television)
Managed IP video service from telcos/cable with QoS, typically using multicast to set-top boxes. Different from OTT over the open internet.
The operator migrated QAM to IPTV; IPTV middleware got an upgrade; We launched IPTV service over fiber
Latency
The delay from content capture to viewer playback. Influenced by encoding, buffering, protocols, and distribution. Critical for sports and betting.
Glass-to-glass latency under 5 seconds; We traded latency for stability; The OTT stream lagged linear by 30 seconds
Linear TV
Channel-based, scheduled programming delivered via OTA, cable, satellite, or FAST linear streams, as opposed to on-demand.
The linear grid finalized for fall; Linear viewership still drives reach; Linear ad pods were rebalanced
Lower Third
On-screen graphic band (name key/super) that identifies speakers, locations, or topics, typically near the bottom third of the screen.
Update the lower thirds for the new brand; A misspelled lower third went to air; Automate lower-third fills from the rundown
Makegood
A compensatory ad placement provided when a campaign under-delivers its guaranteed impressions or ratings.
We offered prime-time makegoods; The client requested cash instead of makegoods; Digital makegood terms were added to the IO
MAM (Media Asset Management)
Systems and workflows that store, index, and manage media files and metadata across production, archive, and playout.
Our MAM integrates with the NLE; We moved archive tiers into the MAM; The MAM migration to cloud is complete
Master Control
The operations hub that switches sources, inserts ads, monitors quality/compliance, and feeds transmission/distribution.
Master control rolled the break late; The MCR detected a black-frame issue; We centralized master control operations
MVPD (Multichannel Video Programming Distributor)
Cable, satellite, or telco providers that bundle and sell linear TV channels. Distinct from vMVPDs that deliver via OTT.
MVPD subs declined again; Carriage with a major MVPD is up for renewal; Channel placement in MVPD lineups matters
Nielsen Ratings
U.S. audience measurement metrics from Nielsen, including rating, share, impression-based currency, and time-shifted measures (C3/C7, L+7).
Nielsen overnights looked strong; We made makegoods due to Nielsen under-delivery; Big data is augmenting Nielsen panels
NLE (Non-Linear Editing)
Editing systems that allow random access to media and non-destructive editing, e.g., Avid, Premiere, Resolve.
Cut the news package in the NLE; Proxy workflows sped up NLE performance; Round-tripped from the NLE to color
O&O (Owned-and-Operated Station)
A local station owned by the network whose programming it carries, rather than being a separately owned affiliate.
The network standardized graphics across O&Os; Sold a non-core O&O; O&Os often get pilots first
OTT (Over-the-Top)
Video delivered via the open internet, bypassing MVPDs; includes SVOD, AVOD, and FAST services.
Our OTT app launched on smart TVs; OTT ad insertion drove incremental reach; We managed OTT churn with annual plans
Playout
Automated sequencing and delivery of channels or streams from servers and automation, including ad insertion and graphics.
We spun up a cloud playout channel; Playout redundancy is N+1; SCTE-35 markers are inserted at playout
Programmatic Advertising
Automated, data-driven buying and selling of ad inventory via DSPs/SSPs and exchanges; increasingly used for CTV and addressable.
We ran a CTV PMP with deal IDs; Programmatic guaranteed delivered the GRPs; Frequency capping improved programmatic efficiency
PSIP (Program and System Information Protocol)
ATSC 1.0 metadata that carries virtual channel numbers, station IDs, and EPG event information.
Remapped to 7.1 via PSIP; The PSIP generator crashed; PSIP updates fixed guide listings
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
Modulation scheme used for digital cable distribution (e.g., 64/256-QAM) to carry multiple video and data channels.
Increased edge QAM capacity; We’re migrating QAM to all-IP; QAM levels were out of spec
Reach
The number or percentage of unique viewers exposed at least once to a campaign or program over a period. Paired with frequency.
Target reach of 65% at 3+ frequency; OTT added incremental reach; Diminishing returns hit reach gains
Retransmission Consent
The legal requirement that MVPDs obtain consent (often for fees) from local broadcast stations to carry their signals.
Retrans fees are a major revenue line; The station went dark in a retrans dispute; We formed a consortium for retrans talks
Spot
An individual commercial unit (e.g., 15, 30, 60 seconds) purchased in national or local markets.
Traffic the :30 spot in the 8 pm pod; The spot was preempted by breaking news; We rotated spots across dayparts
Syndication
Licensing of programs to multiple stations or platforms, either first-run or off-network. Often involves market clearance and barter.
Cleared the show in 85% of DMAs; Off-network sitcoms still monetize in syndication; Cash-plus-barter deals are common
Upfronts
Annual spring marketplace where networks sell TV ad inventory in advance of the season, establishing pricing and volume.
Upfront CPMs rose 5%; We saved some budget for scatter; The upfront presentation featured new primetime shows
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