Couriers, Messengers, Despatch Riders Industry Terminology

Address Validation

The process of checking and standardizing destination addresses to ensure deliverability before shipping.

Run address validation to fix missing apartment numbers; Our API flags addresses that the postal service can't verify; An invalid address surcharge was applied due to failed validation.


Air Waybill (AWB)

A non-negotiable transport document for air shipments with a unique number used for tender, tracking, and customs.

Put the AWB number on the commercial invoice; Shipment tendered under AWB 074-12345675; The airline rejected the cargo due to an incorrect AWB.


Attempted Delivery

A delivery try where handover fails due to consignee unavailability or access issues.

First attempted delivery at 10:12 AM—no one home; Three attempted deliveries trigger return-to-sender; Driver left an attempted delivery notice on the door.


Barcode Symbology

The encoding standard printed on labels (e.g., GS1-128, QR, DataMatrix) enabling scanning and routing.

Switch to GS1-128 for longer tracking IDs; Our handhelds support QR and DataMatrix symbologies; Misprints reduced barcode readability at induction.


Bill of Lading (BOL)

A legal contract/receipt between shipper and carrier describing goods and terms, often used for consolidated linehaul.

Linehaul requires a consolidated BOL; Driver wouldn’t pick up without a signed BOL; A BOL discrepancy delayed dispatch.


Brokerage (Customs Brokerage)

Service that clears goods through customs, handling declarations, duties, and compliance.

We offer in-house brokerage for DDP parcels; Brokerage fees were billed to the receiver; An incorrect HS code led to a brokerage hold.


Cash on Delivery (COD)

Payment method where the consignee pays at delivery; carrier remits funds to shipper.

COD stops require extra security; The driver collected the COD via mobile card reader; We paused cash-only COD during the pandemic.


Chain of Custody

Documented control of a shipment at each handoff to ensure accountability and integrity.

Pharma parcels require a full chain of custody; Each handoff was logged in the driver app; A custody gap voided the insurance claim.


Consignment

A shipment or batch handed to a carrier; also the act of sending goods to a consignee.

Create a consignment in the TMS; Consignment 000345 arrived at hub A; Multiple orders were consolidated into one consignment.


Contactless Delivery

Delivery without physical contact, often using photo POD, GPS, or remote signature.

Switch residential stops to contactless delivery; Photo-on-delivery counts as ePOD; Follow knock-and-leave policy for groceries.


Cross-Docking

Direct transfer from inbound to outbound vehicles with minimal storage to speed flow.

Cross-dock late linehaul to morning routes; We x-dock returns to the vendor trailer; Cross-docking cut dwell time by 30%.


Customs Clearance

Process of getting goods authorized to enter/leave a country, including duties and compliance checks.

Shipment pending customs clearance; Use paperless invoices to pre-clear; Clearance delays caused missed SLAs.


Deadhead Miles

Distance traveled empty, without payload—wasted time and fuel.

Backfill deadhead miles with marketplace loads; Optimize routes to reduce deadheading; A breakdown created extra deadhead after the last drop.


Delivery Window

The agreed time range for delivery at destination.

Customer chose a 2–4 PM delivery window; We missed the window by 15 minutes; Dynamic windows adjust based on traffic.


Despatch Rider

A motorcycle courier specializing in rapid movement of documents and small parcels in dense cities.

Use a despatch rider for urgent filings; Riders queued at the courthouse; Implement rain gear policies for despatch riders.


Dimensional Weight (DIM)

Pricing based on parcel volume to reflect space usage, not just actual weight.

Carrier billed DIM, not actual weight; Reduce box size to avoid DIM charges; The DIM divisor changed this year.


Dispatch (Dispatching)

Assigning and releasing pickup/delivery jobs to drivers in real time.

Dispatch pushed three hot shots to Route 12; Automated dispatch reduced wait time; We used manual dispatch for a hazmat load.


Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Standardized machine-to-machine exchange of business docs (e.g., 204 load tender, 214 status, 210 invoice).

Send 214 status updates via EDI; Retailer mandates EDI compliance; Fail over to API when EDI is down.


Electronic Proof of Delivery (ePOD)

Digital confirmation of delivery, often with signature, photo, timestamp, and GPS coordinates.

ePOD photo shows the doorstep; Signature captured on glass; ePOD sync failed while offline.


Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)

Predicted arrival time based on routing, traffic, and status signals.

Live ETA improved customer satisfaction; ETA recalculated after a road closure; SMS the ETA to the consignee.


Exception Management

Processes and tools for detecting, communicating, and resolving shipment issues (damage, delay, address).

Auto-create tickets for exceptions; Standardize exception codes; Notify customers when an exception occurs.


Express Service

Premium expedited shipping with faster transit and priority handling.

Upgrade to express for next-day; Use the express lane at sortation; An express surcharge applies.


First Mile

The initial leg from seller or warehouse into the carrier network.

First-mile pickup is at 5 PM; Micro-fulfillment improves the first mile; Bundle first-mile stops for efficiency.


Fleet Telematics

Technology for monitoring vehicle location, utilization, and driver behavior.

Telematics cut idling by 12%; Install dashcams and OBD trackers; Configure geofences in the telematics platform.


Fuel Surcharge

Variable fee indexed to fuel prices, added to base transportation rates.

Weekly fuel surcharge is 19%; Contract caps fuel at 25%; The invoice shows fuel as a separate line item.


General Rate Increase (GRI)

A carrier’s periodic increase to base tariff rates, excluding fuel and some accessorials.

Budget for the 6.9% GRI; GRI announced effective January 1; Pass the GRI through to clients.


Geofencing

Virtual boundaries that trigger events when devices enter or exit an area.

Auto-arrive when entering the depot geofence; Use geofence proofs for SLA audits; Avoid deliveries inside the school geofence during hours.


Goods in Transit (GIT) Insurance

Coverage protecting shipments against loss or damage while handled by carriers.

Add GIT for high-value electronics; File a claim under the GIT policy; GIT excludes poor packing claims.


Hazmat (Hazardous Materials)

Regulated dangerous goods requiring special packaging, labeling, documentation, and training.

Lithium batteries can be hazmat; Driver needs a hazmat endorsement; Parcel rejected due to missing hazmat labels.


Hours of Service (HOS)

Rules limiting driving hours and mandating rest to improve safety.

HOS reset after 34 hours; Electronic logs ensure HOS compliance; The proposed route would violate HOS limits.


Hub-and-Spoke

Network design where hubs consolidate and sort; spokes handle local pickup and delivery.

Move to two hubs and twelve spokes; Late linehaul into the hub caused misses; Hub rebalancing improved throughput.


Incoterms

Standard trade terms (e.g., DDP, DAP) defining responsibilities, risk transfer, and costs in international shipments.

Ship under DDP to reduce surprises; Incoterms misalignment caused a duty dispute; DAP requires consignee to pay taxes.


Injection (Postal Injection)

Inducting parcels deep into a postal or partner network near destination to cut cost and transit.

Inject into USPS at the destination SCF; Plan Canada Post injection post-peak; The carrier offers regional injection.


Import One-Stop Shop (IOSS)

EU scheme allowing VAT collection at point of sale for low-value imports (≤ €150).

Print the IOSS ID on the label; Parcel held—missing IOSS number; The marketplace remits VAT via IOSS.


Job Dispatching

Real-time assignment and sequencing of pickup/delivery tasks by proximity, capacity, and SLAs.

Auto-dispatch jobs to the nearest rider; Dispatch throttled due to storms; Manual override for a VIP job.


Key Performance Indicator (KPI)

A quantifiable metric used to measure performance and guide decisions.

OTD is our primary KPI; Track first-attempt success as a KPI; Driver utilization KPI improved this quarter.


Knock-and-Leave

Practice of knocking, leaving the parcel, and departing without signature, often supported by photo POD.

Set groceries to knock-and-leave; Policy forbids knock-and-leave for alcohol; Require a photo for knock-and-leave deliveries.


Label Compliance

Adherence to required label content and formats to ensure scan-ability and routing accuracy.

Missing GS1 AIs violated label compliance; Label QA failed at induction; The portal validates label compliance before printing.


Last Mile

The final delivery leg to the end customer—costly and operationally complex.

Last-mile costs dominate our P&L; Crowdsourced drivers cover the last mile; EVs deployed for last-mile routes.


Linehaul

Long-distance transportation between terminals/hubs within the network.

Linehaul arrives at 2 AM; Share linehaul with a partner to cut costs; Friday linehaul capacity is tight.


Locker Delivery (Parcel Locker)

Delivery to secure lockers where recipients retrieve parcels with a code or app.

Shift failed home deliveries to lockers; The locker network expanded downtown; An OTP is sent for locker pickup.


Manifest

A compiled list of shipments on a vehicle or flight used for handover, reconciliation, and audits.

Close the manifest before departure; A mismatch appeared during manifest audit; Print driver manifests from the TMS.


Micro-fulfillment Center (MFC)

Small urban fulfillment site near consumers to enable rapid delivery.

Use MFCs for two-hour delivery; Nightly MFC restock from the DC; Robotics deployed in the MFC.


Missort

A parcel routed to the wrong facility or route due to scanning/sorting error.

Missort found at hub B; Reduce missorts with better OCR; Missort exceptions are auto-redirected.


Network Optimization

Modeling and reconfiguring facilities, routes, and volumes to improve service at lower cost.

Run a network study post-merger; Add a regional hub per the model; Optimization showed zone-skipping gains.


Next Flight Out (NFO)

Time-critical service that books space on the next available flight for fastest transit.

Send the lab sample NFO; NFO quotes include tender and recovery fees; A rider will make the NFO tender.


Non-Delivery Report (NDR)

Documentation of a failed delivery attempt and next steps.

NDR code 23—address incomplete; The call center works NDRs daily; NDR volume spiked after the storm.


On-Time Delivery (OTD)

KPI measuring the share of deliveries completed within promised windows.

OTD improved to 96%; Bonuses are tied to OTD; Weather exceptions are carved out of OTD.


Order Management System (OMS)

Software that manages orders, inventory allocation, and fulfillment orchestration.

OMS triggers carrier selection; Sync the OMS with WMS and TMS; The OMS split the order into two consignments.


Out for Delivery (OFD)

Status indicating a parcel is on a vehicle headed to the consignee.

OFD text sent at 8:05 AM; The parcel stayed OFD after a breakdown; Customers track OFD in the app.


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