Janitorial and Cleaning Services Industry Terminology
Acid Cleaner
A low-pH chemical (typically pH 0–4) formulated to dissolve mineral deposits such as calcium, lime, and rust. Often used for restroom descaling and on tile/grout where appropriate.
- Use an acid bowl cleaner to remove hard-water scale in restrooms. - Avoid using acidic products on marble, terrazzo, or other calcareous stone. - Neutralize and rinse after descaling to protect finishes and grout.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Testing
A rapid hygiene monitoring method that measures residual organic matter (ATP) on surfaces as a proxy for cleanliness. Provides numerical readings (RLU) but does not identify specific pathogens.
- Swab cafeteria tables after cleaning; pass if readings are below your RLU threshold. - Use ATP to validate a new SOP before rolling it out portfolio-wide. - Share ATP results in QA reports to demonstrate cleaning effectiveness.
Automatic Scrubber (Auto-Scrubber)
A powered floor machine (walk-behind or ride-on) that dispenses solution, scrubs, and vacuums it up in one pass, improving production rates and consistency on large hard floors.
- Use a walk-behind auto-scrubber for daily VCT maintenance in hallways. - Select the right pad or brush for textured concrete vs smooth vinyl. - Perform daily tank, squeegee, and vacuum hose cleanouts to prevent odors.
Backpack Vacuum
A wearable vacuum designed to increase productivity and ergonomics in detail and route vacuuming. Often equipped with HEPA filtration and a variety of tools.
- Route vacuum carpeted offices with a HEPA backpack for faster production. - Use onboard toolkits for vents, blinds, and corners. - Choose lightweight harnesses to reduce operator fatigue.
Building Service Contractor (BSC)
A company that provides outsourced janitorial and related facility services to commercial, institutional, or industrial clients.
- A BSC bids on a multi-site retail janitorial contract. - The client outsources cleaning to a BSC rather than hiring in-house staff. - A BSC carries GL/Workers’ Comp insurance and follows OSHA standards.
Burnishing
High-speed mechanical polishing of floor finish to restore gloss and improve appearance. Requires clean, well-cured finish and appropriate pads.
- Nightly burnishing maintains a high-gloss shine in retail stores. - Use a 1500–2000 RPM UHS burnisher with a restorer spray. - Dust mop first to avoid embedded grit and swirl marks.
Carpet Extraction (Hot Water Extraction)
A deep-cleaning carpet method that applies solution, agitates, and extracts with heat and vacuum to remove soils and residues. Sometimes called steam cleaning (though actual steam is rare).
- Quarterly hot water extraction in lobbies to remove embedded soils. - Pre-spray, agitate, allow dwell, then rinse-extract. - Use air movers to accelerate drying and reduce wicking.
Cleaning Industry Management Standard (CIMS)
An ISSA-developed management standard for cleaning organizations covering quality systems, service delivery, health/safety, HR, and management best practices. CIMS-GB focuses on green building.
- Use CIMS to structure QA, training, and purchasing processes. - Highlight CIMS or CIMS-GB certification in proposals. - Prepare documentation and field audits for recertification.
Color-Coding (Tools and Chemicals)
A system assigning colors to tools, cloths, and bottles to prevent cross-contamination and improve training compliance.
- Red cloths for toilets/urinals; yellow for restroom fixtures; blue for glass. - Color-coded mop buckets to keep food service separate from restrooms. - Match secondary bottle labels and tools to your color scheme.
Cross-Contamination
The transfer of soils, allergens, or microbes from one surface/area to another, often due to improper sequencing, tools, or procedures.
- Using the same mop head in restrooms and cafeteria causes cross-contamination. - Change gloves between restroom and office cleaning. - Employ sealed wiping and no-dip methods to reduce risk.
Day Porter Service
Daytime janitorial support focused on high-traffic areas, restocking, touchpoint cleaning, and on-demand tasks between nightly cleanings.
- A day porter polices lobbies, restocks restrooms, and responds to spills. - Provide event setups, breakroom touch-ups, and exterior litter pickup. - Maintain a service log and radio for real-time requests.
Dilution Control System
Equipment that dilutes concentrated chemicals to labeled ratios, improving safety, cost control, and consistency. Includes proportioners, venturis, and closed-loop systems.
- Wall-mounted dispensers to properly dilute concentrates into secondary bottles. - Locking stations to control chemical access and costs. - Verify ppm with test strips for sanitizers and quats.
Disinfectant
An EPA-registered antimicrobial chemical with specific kill claims against microbes on inanimate surfaces. Must be used exactly per label directions, including dwell time and surface compatibility.
- Use an EPA List N disinfectant for SARS-CoV-2 on nonporous surfaces. - Follow a 10-minute dwell time per label for tuberculocidal claims. - Rinse food-contact surfaces after disinfection if the label requires it.
Dwell Time (Contact Time)
The minimum time a disinfectant or sanitizer must remain wet on a surface to achieve its labeled efficacy.
- Keep the surface visibly wet for 5 minutes per the disinfectant label. - Re-wet if evaporating too fast in low humidity. - Post dwell, wipe and allow to air-dry unless the label instructs otherwise.
Electrostatic Spraying
Application method that imparts an electrostatic charge to droplets, helping them wrap around complex surfaces and improve coverage. Surfaces must still be pre-cleaned to remove soils.
- Disinfect classrooms after cleaning to improve coverage. - Choose List N chemistry compatible with electrostatic sprayers. - Train staff on PPE and avoid overspray on sensitive electronics.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) List N
The EPA’s list of disinfectants expected to kill SARS-CoV-2 when used according to label directions. Includes product EPA Reg. numbers and contact times.
- Verify your disinfectant is on List N for SARS-CoV-2 claims. - Use EPA registration numbers to find equivalent products. - Share List N documentation with clients in QA meetings.
Floor Stripping
The process of chemically and mechanically removing old floor finish and sealer to prepare for new coats.
- Strip VCT annually to remove embedded soil and yellowed finish. - Use a black pad and a low-speed floor machine with stripper solution. - Rinse and neutralize to a near-neutral pH before recoating.
GHS Labels (Globally Harmonized System)
International system for classifying and labeling chemicals, using standardized pictograms, signal words, and hazard/precautionary statements. Integral to OSHA HazCom.
- Train staff on pictograms, signal words, and hazard statements. - Ensure secondary bottles have GHS-compliant workplace labels. - Reference the SDS for PPE and first-aid statements.
Green Cleaning
Practices and products designed to reduce environmental and health impacts while maintaining effective cleaning performance.
- Use Green Seal or ECOLOGO certified cleaners and low-VOC finishes. - Implement microfiber and dilution control to reduce chemical load. - Leverage green practices for LEED-EBOM credits where applicable.
HEPA Filtration
High Efficiency Particulate Air filtration capturing 99.97% of 0.3 micron particles. Improves dust control and indoor air quality when used in vacuums and air cleaners.
- Equip backpack vacuums with HEPA filters for healthcare accounts. - Replace HEPA and pre-filters as part of PM. - Use HEPA air scrubbers during construction cleans.
High-Touch Surface
Surfaces frequently touched by multiple people, requiring more frequent cleaning and/or disinfection to reduce transmission risk.
- Increase cleaning frequency for door handles and elevator buttons. - Maintain a touchpoint log during flu season. - Use pre-moistened disinfectant wipes for quick turnarounds.
ISSA (International Sanitary Supply Association)
The leading trade association for the cleaning industry, offering standards (CIMS), training (CMI), events, and market research.
- Attend the ISSA Show to learn best practices and new technology. - Use ISSA training (CMI) to onboard new custodians. - Reference ISSA benchmarking data for production rates.
Janitorial Scope of Work (SOW)
A document defining tasks, frequencies, areas, and service expectations for a janitorial contract. Forms the basis for pricing, staffing, and QA.
- Specify nightly, weekly, and monthly task frequencies by area. - Include exclusions such as exterior windows or carpet repair. - Align staffing, tools, and QA measures to the SOW.
Job Costing
Measuring actual labor, materials, and overhead against budget for a given site or contract to manage profitability and pricing.
- Track labor and materials vs budget by account each month. - Adjust routes when actual hours exceed estimates. - Calculate gross margin and cost per square foot.
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA/JSA)
A structured assessment identifying task-specific hazards and the controls, PPE, and procedures needed to perform the work safely.
- Conduct a JHA for strip-and-wax including PPE and slip risks. - Document controls for ladder use and chemical dilution. - Review and update JHAs annually or after incidents.
Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
Quantifiable measures used to evaluate performance against service goals, such as quality scores, response times, and complaint rates.
- Maintain inspection scores above 90%. - Resolve work orders within 24 hours. - Limit complaints to fewer than 1 per 10,000 sq ft monthly.
Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)
Safety procedures to control hazardous energy during equipment maintenance, preventing accidental startup or release of stored energy.
- Lock out an auto-scrubber before servicing its electrical components. - Tag out a damaged burnisher until repaired. - Train supervisors to verify LOTO compliance.
Microfiber
Synthetic split-fiber textiles that capture fine soils efficiently. Widely used for cloths and flat mops due to superior cleaning performance and launderability.
- Use color-coded microfiber cloths to reduce cross-contamination. - Charge flat mops with measured solution for controlled application. - Launder without fabric softener to preserve split fibers.
Neutral Cleaner
A near-pH 7 cleaner suitable for daily maintenance of finished floors and sensitive surfaces without damaging coatings or stone.
- Daily damp mopping of VCT with a neutral cleaner to protect finish. - Autoscrub terrazzo floors with pH-neutral solution. - Use rinse-free formulations to speed operations.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
U.S. regulatory agency setting and enforcing workplace safety standards, including HazCom, PPE, LOTO, and bloodborne pathogens.
- Maintain SDS access and HazCom training per OSHA 1910.1200. - Comply with Bloodborne Pathogens standard in healthcare. - Record injuries on the OSHA 300 log.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Protective gear such as gloves, goggles, face shields, masks, and aprons used to minimize exposure to hazards.
- Nitrile gloves for quats and disinfectants. - Splash goggles and aprons when diluting concentrates. - Cut-resistant gloves for handling broken glass.
pH Scale
A measure of acidity/alkalinity from 0 to 14 that influences cleaning chemistry selection, safety, and surface compatibility.
- Select an alkaline degreaser (pH 11–13) for kitchen floors. - Use an acidic descaler (pH 1–3) for mineral deposits. - Daily cleaning with neutral pH protects floor finish.
Post-Construction Cleaning
Specialized cleaning after construction or renovation, typically in phases (rough, light, final) focusing on dust control, debris removal, and detailing.
- HEPA vacuum drywall dust before damp wiping. - Remove paint drops and stickers from glass. - Conduct a punch-list walk with the GC before turnover.
Preventive Maintenance (PM)
Scheduled care for equipment and systems to reduce breakdowns, ensure safety, and extend service life.
- Replace auto-scrubber squeegees weekly to maintain pickup. - Clean vacuum filters and check cords daily. - Calibrate dilution stations quarterly.
Quality Assurance (QA)
A systematic process of inspections, documentation, and corrective actions to verify service quality meets contractual standards.
- Use digital inspection tools with photo capture. - Trend deficiencies and implement corrective actions. - Review QA scores with clients monthly.
Quats (Quaternary Ammonium Compounds)
A class of cationic surfactants commonly used as disinfectants and sanitizers on nonporous surfaces; effective, residue-prone, and sensitive to some materials.
- Verify concentration with quat test strips. - Avoid mixing with anionic cleaners that can neutralize efficacy. - Rinse food-contact surfaces after use per label.
Ready-To-Use (RTU)
Products supplied at their use dilution, requiring no mixing. Improve convenience and compliance but may cost more per application.
- RTU disinfectant wipes for touchpoints. - RTU glass cleaner for mirrors to avoid streaking. - Compare cost-in-use of RTU versus concentrates for budgeting.
Request for Proposal (RFP)
A formal client solicitation detailing scope, evaluation criteria, and submission requirements for procuring janitorial services.
- Attend the pre-bid walkthrough and submit clarifying questions. - Include staffing matrices, equipment lists, and QA plans. - Price alternates for additional frequencies or square footage.
Restroom Cleaning Sequence
A standardized order of operations (top-down, clean-to-dirty) to improve efficiency, safety, and hygiene in restrooms.
- Start high, work low, finish with the floor. - Apply bowl cleaner early to gain dwell time. - Use red-coded tools only inside restrooms.
Sanitizer
A chemical that reduces microbial counts to safe levels (lower log reduction than disinfectants). Often used on food-contact surfaces.
- Use 200 ppm quat sanitizer on cafeteria tables. - Verify concentrations with sanitizer test strips. - Allow air-dry on food-contact surfaces as labeled.
Service Level Agreement (SLA)
Contractual commitments defining performance metrics such as response times, completion times, and quality thresholds.
- Respond to restroom spills within 10 minutes. - Complete urgent work orders within 2 hours. - Apply service credits if SLAs are missed repeatedly.
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
A documented, step-by-step method for performing tasks consistently and safely, used for training and quality control.
- SOP for blood spill cleanup per OSHA BBP. - SOP for carpet spotting with approved spotters. - Staff sign off after SOP training and competency checks.
Square Foot Pricing
A pricing approach using cost per square foot, adjusted by variables like building use, densities, and frequency to estimate total price and labor.
- Quote $1.25 per sq ft for post-construction final clean. - Adjust sq ft rates by building type and service frequency. - Validate price with workload and production rates.
Strip and Wax
A maintenance cycle where old finish is stripped from resilient floors and new coats of finish are applied for protection and gloss.
- Apply 4–5 coats of finish with appropriate dry times. - Block off the area and post wet floor signage. - Use finish mops dedicated to coating application.
Top Scrub and Recoat
An interim maintenance process that removes the top layers of finish and reapplies new coats, extending time between full strip-outs.
- Scrub with a blue or green pad to remove topsoil and scuffs. - Tack mop to remove residue before recoating. - Apply 1–2 coats of finish to restore gloss.
UV-C Disinfection
Use of ultraviolet-C light (200–280 nm) to inactivate microorganisms on surfaces or in air. Requires line-of-sight exposure and strict safety controls.
- Deploy UV-C towers after terminal cleaning in healthcare. - Use handheld UV-C wands on small equipment per SOP. - Ensure safety interlocks and room vacancy during use.
VCT (Vinyl Composition Tile)
A resilient flooring type common in schools and retail that typically requires finish, burnishing, and periodic recoating or stripping.
- Daily dust mop and damp mop with neutral cleaner. - Periodic top scrub and recoat to maintain appearance. - Avoid flooding to prevent tile lift and adhesive damage.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Organic chemicals that readily evaporate and can affect indoor air quality and odor. Many green standards limit VOC levels.
- Choose low-VOC floor finishes to improve IAQ. - Ventilate during strip-outs to disperse VOCs. - Review VOC content on SDS for product selection.
Wet Floor Signage
Warning signs and cones used to alert occupants of slip hazards during floor work and wet processes, reducing liability and injuries.
- Place signs at all entry points during mopping. - Move signage as you progress and remove when dry. - Use cones and caution tape for larger areas.
Workloading
A methodical process to determine staffing needs by mapping tasks, frequencies, square footage, and production rates to labor hours.
- Calculate labor hours from tasks, frequencies, and production rates. - Build routes in 15-minute increments to match schedules. - Compare workload hours to budget to prevent overruns.
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