Medical Equipment Industry Terminology

Accelerated Aging (ASTM F1980)

Used to estimate shelf life by exposing devices/packaging to elevated temperature and humidity to simulate aging, typically for sterile barrier systems. Supports labeling claims before real-time data are available and is paired with real-time stability.

“We executed ASTM F1980 at 55°C for 6 weeks to justify a 2‑year shelf life”; “Accelerated and real-time aging run in parallel for packaging validation”; “Aging data were included in the sterilization validation report.”


Adverse Event (AE)

Any untoward medical occurrence associated with the use of a device, whether or not considered device related. Triggers postmarket reporting, risk assessment, and sometimes corrective actions.

“The patient experienced a serious AE during use; we opened an MDR investigation.”; “All AEs were captured in the clinical study CRFs and assessed for device relatedness.”; “The vigilance team evaluates AEs weekly for signal detection.”


Biocompatibility (ISO 10993)

Assessment of how materials interact with biological systems to ensure safety of body contact. ISO 10993 uses a risk-based test matrix (e.g., cytotoxicity, sensitization, irritation) driven by contact type and duration.

“Based on mucosal contact >24 h, cytotoxicity, sensitization, and irritation were required.”; “We justified systemic toxicity testing via a toxicological risk assessment.”; “Extractables/leachables supported biocompatibility for our drug‑device combination.”


Bill of Materials (BOM)

Hierarchical list of all components, subassemblies, and materials needed to build a device, often with approved manufacturers/parts. Drives purchasing, cost, traceability, and configuration control.

“The engineering BOM rolls up into the manufacturing BOM in ERP.”; “A component change required BOM revision and ECO approval.”; “BOM accuracy is audited under ISO 13485.”


CAPA (Corrective and Preventive Action)

A structured QMS process to investigate root causes of nonconformities and implement actions to correct and prevent recurrence. Includes verification of effectiveness.

“Complaint trend triggered a CAPA to address catheter hub cracking.”; “We used 5 Whys and fishbone in the CAPA root‑cause analysis.”; “Effectiveness checks confirmed the preventive action worked.”


CE Marking (Conformité Européenne)

Symbol indicating conformity with EU safety and performance requirements, enabling sale in EEA and other CE-accepting markets. Requires technical documentation and, for most devices, Notified Body assessment.

“Our Class IIb device obtained CE Mark under EU MDR via NB X.”; “Labeling and IFU must display the CE symbol and NB number.”; “CE renewal is aligned with our surveillance audit schedule.”


Clinical Evaluation Report (CER)

EU-required document that critically evaluates clinical data to demonstrate safety and performance of a device. Sources include literature, clinical investigations, and postmarket data.

“The CER synthesizes clinical literature and PMS data to show benefit‑risk.”; “Our CER includes a PMCF plan per EU MDR Annex XIV.”; “Biannual CER updates are in the PMS plan.”


Complaint Handling

QMS process for receiving, documenting, evaluating, and investigating device complaints. Interfaces with MDR/vigilance reporting, risk management, and CAPA.

“All complaints are assessed for reportability under 21 CFR 803.”; “We logged the complaint, initiated an investigation, and trended by failure mode.”; “Complaint data feed our CAPA and risk files.”


Cybersecurity Risk Management

Lifecycle process to identify, assess, control, and monitor cyber risks in connected devices and supporting systems. References include FDA guidance, AAMI TIR57, and IEC 81001‑5‑1; deliverables often include SBOM, threat models, and patching plans.

“The premarket submission included SBOM, threat modeling, and update plan.”; “We implemented secure boot and signed firmware.”; “A coordinated vulnerability disclosure program is in place.”


De Novo Classification

FDA pathway for novel, low‑to‑moderate risk devices lacking a predicate, establishing a new device type with special controls.

“We filed a De Novo after our 510(k) had no suitable predicate.”; “Granting created a new regulation and special controls.”; “Future 510(k)s can now cite our De Novo as predicate.”


Design Controls (21 CFR 820.30)

Regulatory framework for managing design and development: planning, inputs/outputs, reviews, verification, validation, risk management, and transfer. Mirrored in ISO 13485.

“User needs were traced to inputs in the RTM.”; “Verification shows outputs meet inputs; validation confirms user needs.”; “Design transfer released DMR to manufacturing.”


Design History File (DHF)

Compilation of records describing the design history of a finished device, demonstrating that design controls were properly applied.

“The DHF contains plans, inputs, outputs, V&V, and risk files.”; “Auditors sampled the DHF for traceability.”; “Each major design change updates the DHF.”


Design Verification and Validation (V&V)

Verification checks that design outputs meet design inputs; validation confirms the final product meets user needs and intended use under actual or simulated conditions. Often includes usability validation and process validation.

“Verification confirmed flow rate meets the input of 5 ± 0.5 mL/min.”; “Summative usability validation passed with critical tasks error‑free.”; “Process validation covered IQ/OQ/PQ for sealing.”


Device History Record (DHR)

Production record for each batch/lot/serial number showing the device was manufactured per the DMR and applicable procedures. Supports traceability and release.

“The DHR shows lot 231 met all in‑process and final inspection criteria.”; “We attached sterilization certificates to the DHR.”; “Missing torque record in the DHR prompted a deviation.”


Device Master Record (DMR)

Compilation of specifications and production documentation that define how to manufacture, test, label, package, and service the device.

“The DMR includes drawings, specifications, and assembly/test procedures.”; “Labeling specs are controlled in the DMR.”; “A DMR change required an ECO and QA approval.”


Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

The ability of a device to function in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances. Demonstrated by standards such as IEC 60601‑1‑2.

“Testing to IEC 60601‑1‑2 confirmed immunity and emissions limits.”; “Wireless coexistence was assessed per ANSI C63.27.”; “We mitigated ESD failures by redesigning the PCB layout.”


EU MDR (Regulation 2017/745)

Comprehensive EU regulation governing medical devices, replacing MDD/AIMDD. Raises requirements for clinical evidence, PMS, UDI, and Notified Body oversight.

“Transition from MDD to MDR required a deeper clinical evidence package.”; “MDR introduced UDI and stronger PMS obligations.”; “We registered device data in EUDAMED where modules are available.”


FDA 510(k) Premarket Notification

FDA submission demonstrating substantial equivalence to a predicate device to legally market most Class II and some Class I devices in the U.S. Types include Traditional, Special, and Abbreviated.

“Our Traditional 510(k) referenced two predicates.”; “Special 510(k) used for a design change with same intended use.”; “We demonstrated SE with performance bench testing.”


Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

Structured method to identify potential failure modes, their causes/effects, and prioritize mitigation. Used for design (DFMEA) and process (PFMEA) risks.

“DFMEA highlighted a high‑risk failure in the pump motor.”; “We converted RPN use to align with ISO 14971 risk acceptability.”; “PFMEA fed the control plan for manufacturing.”


Group Purchasing Organization (GPO)

Aggregators that negotiate pricing and terms on behalf of hospitals/IDNs, often controlling access to large buyer networks. Contracting strategy can be decisive for market penetration.

“Winning the Vizient contract boosted IDN adoption.”; “Our GPO pricing tiers are volume‑based.”; “We aligned our launch with Premier’s sourcing cycle.”


Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

U.S. law governing privacy and security of protected health information (PHI). Relevant for connected devices, apps, and cloud services handling patient data.

“Our cloud module signs a BAA with covered entities.”; “We de‑identify data before analytics to meet HIPAA Safe Harbor.”; “Cyber controls address HIPAA Security Rule safeguards.”


Health Technology Assessment (HTA)

Independent evaluation of clinical and economic value by payers or national bodies to inform coverage and reimbursement. Influences adoption and pricing.

“NICE guidance influenced NHS uptake.”; “An ICER review raised questions on cost‑effectiveness.”; “Our value dossier supports payer HTA submissions.”


Human Factors Engineering (HFE)

Application of usability engineering to minimize use errors and ensure safe, effective use. Aligned with IEC 62366‑1 and FDA guidance; includes formative/summative studies.

“We conducted formative studies on the pen injector UI.”; “Summative validation addressed critical tasks and use errors.”; “Residual use‑related risks were documented per IEC 62366‑1.”


IEC 60601-1 (Electrical Safety)

Core standard for basic safety and essential performance of medical electrical equipment, covering electrical, mechanical, and thermal hazards and essential performance.

“The power supply redesign addressed creepage and clearance.”; “Essential performance was defined for alarm functions.”; “CB scheme testing supported global approvals.”


IDE (Investigational Device Exemption)

FDA authorization to conduct a clinical investigation of a device, permitting shipment and use for data collection before marketing approval.

“The IDE allowed us to ship non‑approved devices to sites.”; “We filed a significant risk IDE for the pivotal study.”; “IDE annual reports summarized safety and progress.”


IFU (Instructions for Use)

Information provided by the manufacturer for safe and effective use, including indications, contraindications, warnings, and instructions. Considered part of labeling.

“We converted to eIFU for the professional‑use product line.”; “IFU revisions were controlled under the labeling SOP.”; “Human factors findings drove IFU warnings and graphics.”


In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD)

Devices and accessories used to examine specimens from the human body to provide information for diagnosis, monitoring, or compatibility. Regulated under FDA/CLIA (U.S.) and IVDR (EU).

“Our PCR assay falls under IVDR Class C in the EU.”; “The instrument, reagents, and software comprise the IVD system.”; “CLIA categorization impacts U.S. deployment.”


ISO 13485 (QMS Standard)

International standard specifying requirements for a quality management system specific to medical devices across the product lifecycle. Often a prerequisite for global market entry.

“We achieved ISO 13485:2016 certification through MDSAP.”; “Supplier controls were strengthened to meet ISO 13485 7.4.”; “The QMS aligns with ISO 13485 and the FDA QMSR.”


Labeling

All text and graphics on the device, packaging, or accompanying materials, including claims, instructions, UDI, and symbols. Regulated across jurisdictions and controlled under QMS.

“UDI-DI and UDI-PI are printed on the pouch label.”; “Marketing claims were reviewed for regulatory compliance.”; “IFU updates required NB notification for Class IIb.”


Market Access (Coverage, Coding, Payment)

Strategies and evidence to obtain payer coverage, appropriate procedure/device codes, and adequate payment. Integrates clinical, economic, and contracting activities.

“We secured a new CPT code to enable outpatient reimbursement.”; “HTA and budget impact models supported coverage decisions.”; “Contracting with IDNs and GPOs accelerated adoption.”


MDSAP (Medical Device Single Audit Program)

Program allowing a single audit to satisfy multiple regulatory authorities (U.S., Canada, Australia, Japan, Brazil) using ISO 13485 as the base with country-specific add-ons.

“Canada requires MDSAP certification for licensing.”; “Our MDSAP audit covered ISO 13485 plus US, AU, JP, BR regs.”; “Nonconformities were categorized per MDSAP grading system.”


Medical Device Reporting (MDR, FDA 21 CFR Part 803)

U.S. postmarket system requiring manufacturers and importers to report certain adverse events and malfunctions to FDA within specified timelines.

“We submitted a 30‑day MDR for a serious injury event.”; “Trend reports were evaluated for 803.50(a)(2) triggers.”; “MDR evaluations are documented in the complaint file.”


Notified Body (NB)

EU-designated organizations that assess conformity of devices and quality systems, issuing CE certificates under MDR/IVDR.

“Our NB issued the EU MDR certificate for the Class IIa line.”; “Capacity constraints at NBs affected timelines.”; “We changed NBs and completed a transfer audit.”


PMA (Premarket Approval)

FDA’s most stringent premarket pathway for Class III devices, requiring valid scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness. Supplements manage post‑approval changes.

“The PMA included pivotal clinical evidence and bench testing.”; “We filed a PMA supplement for the design change.”; “Panel‑track supplement required an advisory committee.”


Post-Market Surveillance (PMS)

Systematic collection and analysis of postmarket data to monitor device performance and safety. In the EU includes PMS plans/reports and, where applicable, PSUR and PMCF.

“PMS plan defines complaint trending, CAPA triggers, and PMCF.”; “We issue a PSUR for higher‑risk devices in the EU.”; “PMS findings updated the risk management file.”


Predicate Device

A legally marketed device used in a 510(k) to demonstrate substantial equivalence in intended use and technological characteristics.

“We selected a predicate with the same intended use and similar tech characteristics.”; “Differences were addressed via performance testing.”; “The FDA accepted our predicate citing SE.”


Quality Management System (QMS)

Organizational policies, processes, and procedures ensuring consistent product quality and regulatory compliance across the device lifecycle. Typically aligned to ISO 13485.

“Our QMS covers design, purchasing, production, and PMS.”; “Internal audits found gaps in supplier controls.”; “Management review tracked QMS KPIs and complaints.”


Quality System Regulation (QSR/QMSR)

U.S. quality regulation for devices (21 CFR Part 820). In 2024 FDA finalized the QMSR to harmonize with ISO 13485, with an effective date in 2026.

“We’re updating procedures to align with FDA’s QMSR by 2026.”; “Design controls are unchanged but terminology maps to ISO 13485.”; “Supplier controls were harmonized with ISO clauses.”


Recall (Correction and Removal)

Action to address a device violation that may present risk to health, either by removing products from the market or correcting them in the field. Classified as Class I/II/III in the U.S.

“A Class I recall was posted to FDA’s database.”; “Our strategy was a field correction with customer letters and IFU updates.”; “Health hazard evaluation supported the recall classification.”


Reimbursement Codes (CPT/HCPCS/DRG)

Coding systems used for billing procedures, devices, and inpatient stays. Correct coding underpins payer payment and provider economics.

“Securing a Category I CPT code improved hospital adoption.”; “HCPCS Level II code supports ambulatory payment.”; “DRG mapping affects inpatient economics.”


Risk Management (ISO 14971)

Framework for identifying hazards, estimating/controlling risks, and evaluating overall benefit‑risk throughout the lifecycle. Integrated with design, usability, and PMS.

“Hazard analysis identified foreseeable misuse scenarios.”; “Risk controls and residual risk acceptability were justified.”; “PMS data feed into risk management review.”


SaMD (Software as a Medical Device)

Software intended to be used for medical purposes without being part of a hardware medical device. Regulated based on intended use and risk; development follows IEC 62304 and related standards.

“Our algorithm is SaMD that runs on a smartphone.”; “We applied IEC 62304 and IEC 82304‑1 for lifecycle and safety.”; “Change management follows a risk‑based approach for SaMD updates.”


SBOM (Software Bill of Materials)

A formal inventory of software components (including open source and versions) used in a device, supporting vulnerability management and transparency.

“Customers requested our SBOM to assess vulnerabilities.”; “The FDA premarket file included an SBOM and patch plan.”; “We monitor NVD for CVEs tied to our SBOM components.”


Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)

The probability of a single viable microorganism remaining on a product unit after sterilization (commonly 10⁻⁶ for terminally sterilized devices).

“We validated to an SAL of 10⁻⁶ for EtO.”; “SAL target dictated bioburden and sterilization cycle design.”; “Packaging integrity supports maintaining SAL through shelf life.”


Sterilization Validation

Demonstration that the chosen sterilization process consistently achieves the required SAL and maintains sterility through distribution and shelf life. Modalities include EtO, gamma, e‑beam, steam, and vaporized H2O2.

“Gamma dose mapping confirmed adequate penetration.”; “BI half‑cycle studies supported EtO sterilization.”; “Requalification is performed annually per standard.”


Substantial Equivalence (SE)

The legal standard for 510(k) clearance: the new device has the same intended use and does not raise different questions of safety and effectiveness compared to a predicate.

“Intended use and tech characteristics were compared side‑by‑side.”; “Differences were mitigated via performance testing to show SE.”; “FDA concurred with SE; device is cleared.”


Technical Documentation (Technical File)

Comprehensive evidence package demonstrating conformity with regulatory requirements (design, risk, clinical, PMS, labeling). Called technical file/design dossier in the EU.

“Annex II/III structure used for our MDR technical documentation.”; “GSPR checklist mapped requirements to evidence.”; “NB audit sampled our technical file for clinical evidence.”


Unique Device Identification (UDI)

Global system for uniquely identifying devices via UDI‑DI (identifier) and UDI‑PI (production information), on labels and in databases (e.g., FDA GUDID, EU EUDAMED).

“We submitted UDI data to GUDID and applied the carrier on labels.”; “Basic UDI‑DI groups our family in EUDAMED.”; “UDI‑PI encodes lot and expiration.”


Usability Validation

Summative testing that demonstrates the user interface enables safe and effective use by intended users in intended use environments. Often the capstone of HFE.

“15 naïve users performed critical tasks without serious use errors.”; “Residual use‑related risks were acceptable.”; “We updated the IFU based on validation findings.”


Vigilance (EU)

EU postmarket surveillance reporting system for serious incidents and field safety corrective actions to competent authorities and via EUDAMED.

“We reported a serious incident to the competent authority within 10 days.”; “Trend reporting triggered a vigilance submission.”; “An FSN was issued to customers as part of the corrective action.”


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