Mortgage Brokers and Lenders Industry Terminology
Ability-to-Repay (ATR)
A federal Rule (Regulation Z) requiring lenders to make a reasonable, good‑faith determination that a borrower can repay a covered mortgage. Lenders verify income, assets, employment, credit, DTI, and other factors. Applies to most closed-end, consumer-purpose loans secured by a dwelling.
“We must document ATR with income, assets, and DTI before issuing the approval.”; “This non-QM product still complies with ATR.”; “Tax transcripts were pulled to support ATR.”
Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM)
A mortgage whose interest rate changes over time based on a published index plus a fixed margin, subject to periodic and lifetime caps. Often has an initial fixed period (e.g., 5, 7, or 10 years).
“Client wants a 7/6 ARM with a 2/1/5 cap structure.”; “The ARM’s index is SOFR plus a 2.25% margin.”; “After the fixed period, the rate adjusts every six months.”
Amortization
The process of paying off a loan through scheduled payments of principal and interest over a set term. An amortization schedule details how each payment reduces principal and pays interest.
“The 30-year amortization keeps the payment affordable.”; “Here’s the amortization schedule showing principal vs. interest.”; “A 15-year amortization reduces total interest paid.”
Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
The cost of credit expressed as a yearly rate, including the interest rate plus certain finance charges. Used for federal disclosure and comparison purposes under TILA/Reg Z.
“APR is higher than the note rate because it includes certain fees.”; “We must disclose APR accurately under TILA.”; “The APR trigger required redisclosure.”
Appraisal
A licensed appraiser’s opinion of a property’s market value as of a specific date, typically documented on standardized forms and governed by USPAP. May be ordered through an Appraisal Management Company (AMC) or receive a data-driven waiver.
“The appraisal came in at $500,000, supporting the purchase price.”; “We received an appraisal waiver from DU.”; “AMC has assigned an appraiser to the order.”
Automated Underwriting System (AUS)
Software used by investors (e.g., Fannie Mae’s Desktop Underwriter and Freddie Mac’s Loan Product Advisor) to assess risk and eligibility and produce findings that guide documentation and underwriting conditions.
“DU returned Approve/Eligible.”; “LPA findings require one month reserves.”; “We’ll run AUS after uploading income docs.”
Basis Points (bps)
One one‑hundredth of a percent (0.01%). Used to express changes in interest rates, prices, and fees in capital markets and rate sheets.
“The LLPA is 125 bps.”; “Pricing improved 20 bps this morning.”; “Comp is set at 150 bps lender‑paid.”
Cash-Out Refinance
A refinance where the new loan amount exceeds the current payoff and costs, returning equity as cash to the borrower. Subject to stricter LTV limits, seasoning, and pricing adjustments.
“Borrower is taking $80,000 cash out to consolidate debt.”; “Cash-out hits pricing with additional LLPAs.”; “Seasoning rules apply for cash‑out on this product.”
Closing Costs
All fees and charges paid at closing (lender, third‑party, and government). Typical items include origination, discount points, title and escrow, appraisal, taxes, and recording.
“Title, appraisal, and recording fees are part of closing costs.”; “Seller credits can offset closing costs.”; “LE and CD itemize closing costs by tolerance category.”
Closing Disclosure (CD)
The final TRID disclosure that details all loan terms and closing costs. Must be delivered at least three specific business days before consummation for most closed‑end consumer mortgages.
“CD must be received three business days before consummation.”; “A major APR change triggers a new CD and waiting period.”; “Balance the CD with title before signing.”
Combined Loan-to-Value (CLTV)
The sum of all loan balances secured by the property divided by its value. Used for underwriting when there are multiple liens.
“1st + HELOC brings CLTV to 88%.”; “Program max CLTV is 85%.”; “We need a subordination to keep CLTV in range.”
Conforming Loan
A conventional mortgage that meets Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac guideline and loan‑limit requirements, making it eligible for sale to the GSEs.
“The loan fits under the FHFA county limit, so it’s conforming.”; “Conforming LLPA matrix applies.”; “We’ll deliver the loan to Fannie.”
Conventional Loan
A mortgage not insured or guaranteed by a government agency (FHA/VA/USDA). Can be conforming (within GSE limits) or non‑conforming (e.g., jumbo).
“This is a conventional purchase with 5% down.”; “PMI applies on conventional above 80% LTV.”; “Not FHA, VA, or USDA—this is conventional.”
Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI)
Monthly debt obligations divided by qualifying gross income. Often referenced as front‑end (housing only) and back‑end (housing plus other debts). A key ATR/QM and underwriting metric.
“Back‑end DTI is 44% with taxes and insurance.”; “The program caps DTI at 50% with AUS Approve/Eligible.”; “Paying off the auto loan drops DTI by 3%.”
Discount Points
Upfront prepaid interest, typically 1% of the loan amount per point, paid to reduce the note rate. Reflected in APR and subject to points‑and‑fees limits for QM.
“Borrower paid 1.0 point to lower the rate.”; “Pricing shows a 0.375% rate drop for one point.”; “Points and fees must stay under QM caps.”
Down Payment Assistance (DPA)
Programs (grants, forgivable or repayable seconds) that help borrowers cover down payment and/or closing costs, often with income, location, or occupancy restrictions.
“City DPA provides a forgivable second.”; “Layering DPA with FHA at 3.5% down.”; “DPA follows its own income and property rules.”
Escrow (Impounds)
An account held by the servicer to collect property taxes, homeowners insurance, and, when applicable, mortgage insurance. The servicer pays these on the borrower’s behalf when due.
“Taxes and insurance are escrowed.”; “Escrow waiver adds a pricing hit.”; “Servicer adjusts escrow after tax reassessment.”
Fannie Mae
A government‑sponsored enterprise (GSE) that sets conventional loan guidelines and buys conforming mortgages for securitization into MBS.
“DU Approve/Eligible allows 3% down.”; “This condo needs Fannie project approval.”; “We’ll sell servicing‑retained to Fannie.”
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
A government insurer of mortgages. FHA loans feature flexible credit, low down payments, and mortgage insurance premiums (upfront and annual).
“FHA allows 3.5% down with UFMIP and annual MIP.”; “Manual underwrite per FHA if AUS is Refer.”; “Property must meet FHA minimum standards.”
Fixed-Rate Mortgage (FRM)
A mortgage with an interest rate that remains constant for the entire term, producing stable, predictable payments.
“30‑year fixed at 6.75% note rate.”; “FRM avoids payment shock vs. ARM.”; “Pricing is better on the 15‑year fixed.”
Freddie Mac
A government‑sponsored enterprise (GSE) that purchases conforming mortgages and securitizes them, setting guidelines alongside Fannie Mae.
“LPA Accept allows alternative income documentation.”; “We’ll deliver this to Freddie post‑funding.”; “Freddie condo review differs from Fannie’s.”
Ginnie Mae (GNMA)
A government corporation that guarantees securities backed by FHA, VA, and USDA loans, ensuring timely payment of principal and interest to MBS investors.
“We’ll pool these FHA/VA loans into a Ginnie MBS.”; “Ginnie pricing tightened this week.”; “GNMA guarantees pass‑through payments to investors.”
Income Documentation
Evidence used to verify the borrower’s qualifying income (e.g., paystubs, W‑2s, tax returns, VOE, bank statements), per AUS findings or manual guidelines.
“Need 30 days of paystubs and two years W‑2s.”; “Self‑employed requires tax returns and possibly P&L.”; “Order 4506‑C for tax transcripts.”
Index (ARM)
A published benchmark interest rate to which an ARM is linked (e.g., SOFR, CMT). The adjusted rate equals index plus the loan’s margin, subject to caps.
“The ARM is tied to 30‑day SOFR.”; “Index plus 2.25% margin sets the adjusted rate.”; “CMT index is used on this legacy ARM.”
Interest Rate Lock
A commitment that secures a specific interest rate and price for a stated period. Subject to expiration, extensions, and change‑of‑circumstance rules.
“Lock for 45 days to cover the build time.”; “We did a float‑down after the rate drop.”; “A lock extension costs 10 bps.”
Jumbo Loan
A conventional mortgage that exceeds conforming loan limits. Underwritten to investor-specific guidelines with different pricing and reserve requirements.
“Loan amount exceeds the FHFA limit—this is jumbo.”; “Jumbo overlays require 12 months reserves.”; “Rate is higher than conforming pricing.”
Lender Paid Compensation (LPC)
A compensation model where the wholesale lender pays the broker a preset percentage of the loan amount via rate pricing. Governed by the LO Compensation Rule under Reg Z.
“Broker comp is 150 bps LPC.”; “On LPC, borrower can still pay discount points.”; “LO comp can’t vary per-loan except per written policy.”
Loan Estimate (LE)
The TRID disclosure that provides key terms and estimated costs early in the process. Must be delivered within three specific business days after application and is subject to tolerance rules.
“We must deliver the LE within three business days of application.”; “Reissue the LE for a valid changed circumstance.”; “Fee variances fall under TRID tolerances.”
Loan-Level Price Adjustment (LLPA)
Risk‑based pricing adjustments applied to conventional loans for factors like credit score, LTV, occupancy, and loan purpose. Typically expressed in basis points.
“LLPAs increased for high LTV, low FICO.”; “Second home and cash‑out add LLPAs.”; “LLPA matrix drives the price hit.”
Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)
The loan amount divided by the property’s value (or purchase price, if lower on purchases). A core determinant of eligibility, pricing, and mortgage insurance.
“95% LTV requires PMI.”; “Appraisal raised value, lowering LTV.”; “Max LTV for cash‑out is 80%.”
Margin
The fixed amount added to an ARM’s index to determine the fully indexed rate at each adjustment.
“Margin is 2.25%, fixed for the life of the loan.”; “Index at 5.0% plus margin gives 7.25%.”; “Caps limit how far above index + margin the rate can go.”
Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS)
Bonds backed by pools of mortgages that pass through principal and interest to investors. Their prices drive primary mortgage rates and lender rate sheets.
“TBA MBS prices improved this morning.”; “We’ll securitize into a Fannie MBS pool.”; “Servicing values impact MBS execution.”
Mortgage Servicer
The entity that collects payments, manages escrow, performs customer service, and handles default/loss mitigation. May be different from the originating lender.
“Your servicer will collect payments and manage escrow.”; “There’s a servicing transfer 60 days post‑close.”; “Call the servicer for forbearance options.”
Non-QM (Non-Qualified Mortgage)
Loans that do not meet Qualified Mortgage criteria but still must comply with ATR. Often include alternative documentation (e.g., bank statements), DSCR, or interest‑only features.
“Bank‑statement program is non‑QM.”; “Interest‑only feature pushes this to non‑QM.”; “Non‑QM still requires ATR documentation.”
Points and Fees
All finance charges paid by the borrower, including discount points, certain origination and broker fees, and some third‑party charges. Subject to caps for QM and HOEPA calculations.
“Ensure points and fees stay under the QM threshold.”; “One discount point plus a $1,195 origination fee.”; “Lender credits can offset third‑party fees.”
Prepayment Penalty
A fee charged for paying off a loan early. Generally prohibited on most QM loans (with limited exceptions) but common on some non‑QM programs.
“No prepay penalty—this is a QM.”; “Non‑QM investor requires a 3‑year step‑down.”; “Early payoff within the lockout triggers the penalty.”
Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI)
Insurance protecting the lender on conventional loans with LTV typically above 80%. Can be borrower‑paid (monthly/single) or lender‑paid. Cancelable under federal rules when criteria are met.
“BPMI monthly cancels at 78% LTV by HOPA.”; “Single‑premium PMI improves payment.”; “LPMI trades a higher rate for no monthly PMI.”
Qualified Mortgage (QM)
A category of loans meeting specific product, points‑and‑fees, and pricing/underwriting standards under ATR/Reg Z, providing legal protections (safe harbor or rebuttable presumption).
“APR spread qualifies for QM safe harbor.”; “Verify points and fees are within QM limits.”; “Interest‑only makes it non‑QM.”
Rate Sheet
A lender’s pricing grid showing interest rates and corresponding prices (rebate/cost) by product, lock period, and loan attributes.
“Par is 6.625% with a 100.00 price.”; “Rebates improve 25 bps at 6.875%.”; “Investor’s rate sheet updates twice daily.”
Reserves (Cash Reserves)
Post‑closing liquid assets measured in months of PITIA (principal, interest, taxes, insurance, and sometimes association dues) required by guidelines to strengthen borrower capacity.
“Jumbo requires 12 months of PITIA in reserves.”; “AUS calls for two months reserves.”; “Stocks and retirement accounts can count as reserves.”
Right of Rescission
A borrower’s right under TILA to cancel certain loans secured by their principal dwelling (e.g., most refinances and HELOCs) within three business days after consummation or receipt of disclosures.
“Primary‑residence refis have a three‑day rescission.”; “Funding occurs after rescission expires.”; “All owners with an interest must get the notice.”
Secondary Market
Where closed loans are sold to investors or securitized into MBS. Execution, servicing release premiums, and delivery strategy affect lender pricing.
“We’ll sell SRP‑retained to an aggregator.”; “Best‑efforts vs. mandatory delivery affects price.”; “The TBA market drives primary rates.”
Title Insurance
Insurance that protects against defects in title or lien priority. Typically includes a lender’s policy (required) and an optional owner’s policy.
“Lender’s title policy is required at closing.”; “An owner’s policy protects the buyer.”; “Title cleared the old lien before funding.”
TRID (TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure)
Federal rules integrating TILA and RESPA disclosures, standardizing the Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure, delivery timing, and fee‑tolerance requirements for most closed‑end mortgages.
“TRID requires the LE and CD with specific timing.”; “Changed circumstance permits a revised LE.”; “TRID tolerance cures are due within 60 days.”
Truth in Lending Act (TILA)
A federal law (implemented by Regulation Z) governing consumer credit disclosures, APR/finance charge calculations, the LO Compensation Rule, rescission rights, and other consumer protections.
“APR and finance charge definitions come from TILA.”; “LO Comp Rule is under TILA/Reg Z.”; “Right of rescission is a TILA provision.”
Underwriting
The evaluation of a borrower, property, and loan terms against investor and regulatory guidelines to determine eligibility and risk. Can be AUS‑driven or manually underwritten.
“Underwriter issued conditional approval.”; “Manual underwrite follows FHA guidelines.”; “Condition cleared after updated VOE.”
Uniform Residential Loan Application (URLA/Form 1003)
The standardized mortgage application form capturing borrower, income, asset, liability, and property information. Required for most residential mortgages.
“Please complete the URLA sections 1–4 online.”; “Co‑borrower info goes on a separate URLA.”; “Data maps to DU/LPA from the 1003.”
USDA Rural Development (RD) Loan
A government‑guaranteed loan for eligible rural properties and income‑qualified borrowers, typically offering 100% financing and competitive rates.
“USDA allows zero down in eligible rural areas.”; “Income must be under the county limit.”; “Appraisal needs USDA conditional commitment.”
VA Loan
A government‑guaranteed mortgage for eligible veterans, service members, and certain survivors. Often allows zero down, no monthly MI, and flexible guidelines with a funding fee.
“Veteran’s COE shows full entitlement.”; “VA funding fee is financed.”; “Residual income test passed for the region.”
Wholesale Lending
A mortgage channel where independent brokers originate loans and partner with wholesale lenders that underwrite, fund, and often service the loans.
“As a broker, we submit to multiple wholesale lenders.”; “AE confirmed LPC at 175 bps.”; “Wholesale price sheets updated after the CPI print.”
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