Other Mining and Oil Businesses Industry Terminology

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)

Acidic, metal-laden water generated when sulfide-bearing rocks are exposed to oxygen and water; key environmental risk requiring prevention, collection, and treatment.

Designed covers and liners to prevent AMD from waste rock; Monthly monitoring showed sulfate and Fe spikes typical of AMD; Budget includes a lime treatment plant to neutralize AMD.


Artificial Lift

Methods to increase well production when reservoir pressure is insufficient (e.g., ESPs, rod pumps, gas lift, PCPs).

Swapping to ESPs lifted output 30% in low-pressure wells; Gas-lift valves were optimized to handle high GOR; Rod pump retrofits cut LOE in the mature field.


Asset Retirement Obligation (ARO)

Accounting liability for future decommissioning and site restoration of wells, facilities, and mines.

We recognized ARO for platform removal and subsea P&A; ARO accretion expense hit the income statement; Deal valuation adjusted for ARO on legacy wells.


Assay

Laboratory measurement of the content and grade of metals or minerals in samples; critical for resource estimation and metallurgy.

Fire assays returned 2.1 g/t Au across the main zone; Blanks and standards passed assay QA/QC; Turnaround time from the external lab is 7 days.


Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE)

Energy-equivalency unit converting gas to oil (commonly 6 Mcf = 1 BOE) for reporting production, reserves, and costs.

Company averaged 50 MBOE/d with 60% liquids; 2P reserves total 120 MMBOE; LOE improved to $8/BOE after compression.


Blowout Preventer (BOP)

High-pressure safety equipment that seals the wellbore to control kicks and prevent blowouts during drilling or workovers.

The BOP passed a 10,000-psi pressure test; The crew shut the annular preventer when a gas kick was detected; Regulators audited BOP maintenance records.


Breakeven Price

Commodity price at which a project’s NPV equals zero or cash flow is neutral, considering CAPEX, OPEX, royalties, and taxes.

The shale program’s breakeven is ~$45/bbl; Pit design targeted a higher breakeven cutoff grade; The LNG train remains cash-breakeven at $2.50/MMBtu.


Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)

Funds invested in long-lived assets such as drilling, processing plants, pipelines, and mines.

2026 CAPEX is front-loaded into FEED and long-lead items; CAPEX per flowing BOE fell 15% year over year; Stage-gate controls were tightened to curb CAPEX creep.


Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)

Capturing CO2 from sources, transporting it, and either utilizing it (e.g., EOR) or permanently storing it underground.

Hub-and-spoke CCUS model targets 1 Mtpa; Pore-space rights secured for saline storage; Tax credits materially improve CCUS economics.


Cut-off Grade

Minimum grade at which material can be economically mined and processed; sensitive to metal prices, recoveries, and costs.

Cut-off raised to 0.60% Cu under weaker prices; Blocks below cutoff were excluded from reserves; PEA includes cutoff sensitivity tables.


Decline Curve Analysis (DCA)

Empirical modeling of production decline (e.g., Arps) to forecast well performance, EUR, and type curves.

Hyperbolic b-factor of 0.8 fits first 36 months; PDP valuation relies on DCA under SEC guidance; History match improved after water-handling upgrades.


Decommissioning and Plug & Abandon (P&A)

Permanent well closure, facility removal, and site restoration to regulatory standards.

P&A calls for cement plugs isolating all aquifers; The decommissioning plan staggers platform removals; A trust fund was set up to meet P&A obligations.


Dilution (Mining)

Waste material unintentionally mined and mixed with ore, reducing head grade and economic value.

Narrower stopes cut dilution to 10%; A dilution factor is applied in the reserve statement; Ore control drilling reduced dilution in saprolite.


Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Processes (waterflood, gas/CO2 injection, steam, chemicals) that increase the recovery factor beyond primary depletion.

Polymer EOR raised sweep efficiency in the flood; CO2 miscible injection yielded 12% incremental recovery; Steam EOR economics hinge on gas prices.


Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) vs EPCM

Contracting models: EPC is turnkey with single-point risk; EPCM manages engineering and construction while owner holds contracts.

Awarded EPC for the greenfield concentrator; Chose EPCM for complex brownfield tie-ins; Risk allocation and LDs differ under EPC vs EPCM.


Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)

Framework for managing environmental impact, social license, and governance; increasingly tied to capital access and permits.

ESG-linked revolver margin tied to emissions; Community agreements are central to ESG strategy; Board ESG committee oversees tailings risk.


Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR)

Total hydrocarbons expected to be produced from a well or field over its life.

Type-curve median EUR is 800 MBOE; EURs were revised up after recompletions; EUR distribution drives drilling inventory value.


Farm-in/Farm-out

Transaction where a party earns an interest by funding work (e.g., seismic, wells); common in exploration/appraisal.

The farm-in carries two exploration wells to casing point; We farmed out 50% of Block 3 to share risk; Earn-in is contingent on seismic quality.


Flaring (Flare Gas)

Controlled combustion of associated gas for safety or due to lack of gathering; a key emissions source targeted for reduction.

We committed to zero routine flaring by 2030; New gathering reduced flare volumes by 70%; Flaring permits are limited to upsets only.


Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO)

Offshore floating facility that processes, stores, and offloads hydrocarbons to shuttle tankers.

Topsides capacity is 150 kbopd with gas reinjection; Leasing an FPSO reduces upfront CAPEX; A turret mooring allows weathervaning.


Front-End Engineering Design (FEED)

Pre-FID engineering phase that defines scope, cost, schedule, and critical design decisions.

FEED includes PFDs, heat balances, and plot plans; Class 3 estimate accuracy is ±15%; Procurement strategies are locked at FEED exit.


Froth Flotation

Mineral processing method that uses bubbles and reagents to separate valuable minerals from gangue.

Rougher-scavenger-cleaner circuit hit 88% Cu recovery; Reagent suite optimized with xanthates and frothers; Column cells added to improve concentrate grade.


Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)

Volume of gas produced per barrel of oil (scf/bbl); influences facilities design and reservoir strategy.

Rising GOR indicates gas breakthrough; Separators were sized for 2,000 scf/bbl GOR; Flaring reductions require better GOR management.


Geometallurgy

Integration of geology, mineralogy, and processing response to predict plant performance and optimize mine plans.

Domains mapped for hardness and recovery variability; Geomet models inform mill throughput and blending; Early geomet data de-risked process design.


Geosteering

Real-time well path adjustments using LWD/MWD data to keep laterals in the most productive zone.

Gamma and resistivity guided landing in the sweet spot; Out-of-zone footage fell 40% with geosteering; Azimuthal tools improved fracture targeting.


Heap Leaching

Low-capex extraction by irrigating stacked ore with leach solution (e.g., cyanide for Au, acid for Cu).

Agglomeration improved permeability and kinetics; Stack height was limited by heap stability; PLS routed to SX-EW for copper recovery.


Hedging

Use of derivatives (swaps, collars, futures) to manage commodity price risk and cash flow stability.

Collars hedge 50% of 2026 oil volumes; Basis hedges protect the WCS differential; Hedge policy caps downside while retaining upside.


Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)

Systems and practices to prevent harm to people, assets, and the environment.

TRIR and near-miss rates are core HSE KPIs; HSE audits flagged confined-space controls; HSEMS aligned with ISO 14001 and 45001.


Hydraulic Fracturing

Stimulating a reservoir by pumping fluid at high pressure to create conductive fractures for flow.

Slickwater frac at 2,000 lb/ft proppant loading; Zipper fracs improved stage efficiency; Frac gradient constrained pump schedule.


In Situ Recovery (ISR/ISL)

Mining method that dissolves and pumps minerals to surface through wellfields without conventional open-pit or underground mining.

ISR wellfields were rolled out in phases; Lixiviant chemistry optimized selectivity; ISR minimized surface disturbance versus pits.


Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

Discount rate that sets a project’s NPV to zero; widely used return metric in investment decisions.

After-tax IRR is 18% at $75/bbl; IRR sensitivity shows exposure to CAPEX overruns; Hurdle IRR for greenfield is 15%.


Joint Operating Agreement (JOA)

Contract among working-interest partners outlining operator rights, voting thresholds, cost sharing, and non-consent terms.

The operator is designated under the JOA; AFE approval requires 65% voting interest; Non-consent penalties are defined in the JOA.


JORC Code

Australasian standard for reporting mineral resources and ore reserves, requiring a Competent Person.

Resource upgraded to JORC Indicated category; The Competent Person signed JORC Table 1; JORC-compliant MRE was released to the market.


Kick (Well Control)

An influx of formation fluids into the wellbore due to underbalanced conditions; must be detected and shut in promptly.

Mud weight was raised after a gas kick; Shut-in drillpipe pressure was monitored during the kill; Crews practice kick drills weekly.


Lease Operating Expense (LOE)

Ongoing field operating costs to produce and maintain wells; often tracked per BOE.

LOE dropped to $8/BOE after compression; Workover costs were charged to LOE; Benchmarking LOE identified high-cost pads.


Logging/Measurement While Drilling (LWD/MWD)

Downhole tools that transmit directional and formation data in real time to guide drilling and geosteering.

LWD gamma/resistivity guided the horizontal landing; MWD surveys were taken every stand; Mud-pulse telemetry limited data bandwidth.


London Metal Exchange (LME)

Global exchange for base metals trading, price discovery, and hedging; reference for offtake pricing.

Copper offtake priced at LME cash minus TC/RC; Hedged aluminum exposure on LME futures; Lower LME stocks tightened premiums.


Mine Life (LOM)

Planned duration of mining based on reserves, cut-off grade, and mine plan sequencing.

LOM extended to 15 years after reserve growth; Pushback sequencing optimized LOM cash flow; Closure costs are provisioned across the LOM.


Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs)

Hydrocarbon liquids (ethane, propane, butane, natural gasoline) separated from natural gas streams.

Higher NGL yield improved field netbacks; The frac spread drives NGL margins; NGL takeaway expanded with a new fractionator.


Netback

Realized price net of transportation, processing, and royalties; a key field profitability metric.

Differential widened, reducing Canadian netbacks; Field netback beat corporate netback on lower tariffs; Upgrading liquids improved condensate netbacks.


NI 43-101

Canadian standard for disclosure of mineral project technical information; requires a Qualified Person.

Filed an NI 43-101 PFS on SEDAR+; The Qualified Person reviewed all assay QA/QC; NI 43-101 limits use of Inferred in economic studies.


Offtake Agreement

Contract to sell future production with specified volumes, qualities, pricing formulas, and logistics terms.

Secured an offtake to finance the concentrator; Take-or-pay terms underpin throughput; Offtaker lifts product FOB at the terminal.


Operating Expenditure (OPEX)

Recurring costs to operate assets (labor, power, reagents, maintenance), excluding CAPEX.

OPEX per ton milled fell 10% after debottlenecking; Power dominates OPEX in SAGD projects; OPEX budgeting is tied to throughput.


Porosity and Permeability

Reservoir rock properties describing storage capacity (porosity) and fluid flow capability (permeability).

Core shows 15% porosity, 200 mD permeability; Tight sands need fracs due to low perm; Net pay cutoffs include porosity thresholds.


Production Sharing Contract (PSC)

Fiscal regime where contractor recovers costs from ‘cost oil/gas’ and splits ‘profit oil/gas’ with the state.

PSC caps cost recovery at 60% of gross; Profit split varies with the R-factor; Local content targets are embedded in the PSC.


Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)

Procedures ensuring data reliability in sampling, assaying, logging, and chain of custody.

QA/QC inserts include blanks, standards, and duplicates; Chain-of-custody was logged from rig to lab; QA/QC review flagged analytical drift at the lab.


Reserves: 1P/2P/3P

Proved (1P), Proved+Probable (2P), and Proved+Possible (3P) reserves categorized by certainty under PRMS/SEC.

Booked 2P reserves of 120 MMBOE; Volumes moved from 3P to 2P after appraisal; PDP/PUD breakdown given in the reserve report.


Seismic 3D/4D

3D seismic maps subsurface structure/attributes; 4D repeats surveys over time to monitor reservoir changes.

4D seismic tracked the waterflood front; A new 3D reduced structural uncertainty beneath salt; Seismic inversion refined net pay mapping.


Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)

Thermal EOR using paired horizontal wells to heat heavy oil with steam so it drains to a producer.

SOR improved to 2.7 with better insulation; New pads expanded SAGD capacity by 10 kbopd; Cogeneration cut steam costs and emissions.


Tailings Management

Design, operation, and closure of tailings facilities to safely store process waste.

Converted to filtered tailings to reduce risk; Independent audit under TSM confirmed dam safety; Deposition plan manages beach slopes and water balance.


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