Printing and Duplicating Services Industry Terminology

A3/A4

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) paper sizes commonly used in printing: A4 = 210 × 297 mm (approx. 8.27 × 11.69 in), A3 = 297 × 420 mm (approx. 11.69 × 16.54 in). Knowing size impacts imposition, yield, and equipment capability.

1) Please quote 500 flyers on A4, 4/4; 2) We’ll panel 2 × A4 on an SRA3 sheet to improve yield; 3) The client’s artwork is letter size—convert to A4 before imposition.


Aqueous Coating (AQ)

A fast-drying, water-based clear coating applied inline or offline to protect prints and enhance appearance; available in gloss, satin, or matte; more eco-friendly than solvent varnishes.

1) Specify AQ gloss 1-side on the brochure covers; 2) Switch from varnish to AQ to reduce rub-off on dark solids; 3) AQ matte helped reduce fingerprinting on the postcards.


Bindery

The post-press department and processes where printed sheets are cut, folded, bound, and packaged. Includes trimming, folding, stitching, perfect binding, drilling, and more.

1) This job moves to bindery for saddle stitching at 2 p.m.; 2) Bindery bottleneck pushed our ship date by one day; 3) Note three-hole drilling in the bindery instructions.


Bleed

Extra image area that extends beyond the final trim to ensure color or images run to the edge with no white slivers; typically 1/8 inch (3 mm).

1) Add 0.125 inch bleed on all sides of the postcard; 2) File rejected: no bleed on full-bleed photo; 3) We can gang these 8-up because the bleeds align.


CMYK

A subtractive color model using cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks to reproduce full-color images in process printing. Total ink limit and gray balance are critical.

1) Convert all RGB images to CMYK before export; 2) The logo’s PMS needs a CMYK build; 3) Check TAC—keep under 300% on coated stock.


Crop Marks

Thin lines printed outside the trim area to indicate where to cut the sheet; used for alignment and trimming accuracy.

1) Include crop marks with 0.25 inch offset in the PDF; 2) The crop marks are too close and nick the bleed; 3) The operator aligned the sheet to the crops during the press check.


Die Cutting

Cutting printed sheets into custom shapes using a metal die in a press or die-cutter; also includes kiss cutting and scoring.

1) Create a custom pocket folder die with business card slits; 2) Supply the die line as vector spot color; 3) Nest 2-up inside the die to reduce waste.


DPI/PPI (Resolution)

DPI (dots per inch) describes device output resolution; PPI (pixels per inch) describes image resolution. For quality offset/digital print, images are typically 300 PPI at final size.

1) Preflight flagged 72 PPI images; 2) Large-format can look fine at 150 PPI viewed at distance; 3) Set the platesetter to 2400 dpi for line art.


EDDM (Every Door Direct Mail)

A USPS program allowing saturation mail to specific carrier routes without individual addresses; governed by size, thickness, and bundling rules.

1) Design the postcard as an EDDM-compliant flat; 2) Pull the target carrier routes and counts; 3) Drop EDDM at the BMEU with facing slips.


Embossing

A finishing process that raises (emboss) or lowers (deboss) areas of the sheet using male/female dies for tactile effect. Often combined with foil.

1) Blind emboss the logo on the cover; 2) Register the gold foil and emboss for a premium look; 3) Choose a softer uncoated stock for deeper emboss.


Finishing

All post-press operations applied to printed materials to achieve the final product: cutting, folding, binding, laminating, coating, drilling, kitting, and packaging.

1) Finishing includes score-fold, saddle stitch, and shrink wrap; 2) We’ll outsource the die-cutting to the trade finisher; 3) Add detailed finishing specs to the estimate.


Foil Stamping

Applying metallic or pigmented foil to a substrate using heat and pressure for high-contrast decorative effects.

1) Add silver foil to the invitation text; 2) Provide foil areas as vector shapes with a separate layer; 3) Test foil adhesion on uncoated stock before full run.


G7 Calibration

A color calibration methodology (Idealliance) to align devices to a common gray balance and tonality, enabling visual consistency across presses and substrates.

1) Run G7 calibration on the offset press before the catalog; 2) Share G7 curves with prepress; 3) Our plant is a G7 Master facility.


Gang Run Printing

Combining multiple jobs or versions on the same sheet or press run to reduce setup and paper costs, with trade-offs in scheduling and color control.

1) Gang business cards with other orders to save; 2) Client opts out of gang run for tighter color tolerances; 3) Schedule the gang run for Friday to fill the sheet.


Halftone

A pattern of dots that simulates continuous-tone images in print; defined by lines per inch (LPI), angle, and dot shape.

1) Use 150 LPI on coated paper; 2) A moiré appeared due to screen angle conflicts; 3) Convert the photo to a duotone halftone for effect.


Hickey

A donut-shaped print defect caused by debris or dried ink on the plate or blanket that prevents ink transfer.

1) We stopped the press to clear hickeys in the cyan solid; 2) Hickeys show up more on heavy coverage; 3) Improve maintenance to reduce hickey occurrences.


ICC Profile

A device-specific color profile that characterizes how a device reproduces color, enabling color-managed conversions between devices and color spaces.

1) Embed GRACoL 2013 in the PDF; 2) Request the printer’s press ICC profile for soft proofing; 3) Use a device link profile for better black preservation.


Imposition

Arranging pages on press sheets so they appear in the correct order and orientation after folding, binding, and trimming; includes work-and-turn/tumble, signatures, and creep.

1) Set a 16-page signature imposition for the booklet; 2) Adjust imposition to account for creep in saddle stitching; 3) Impose 2-up head-to-head to maximize yield.


Inkjet

A printing technology that jets microscopic droplets of ink onto a substrate; includes aqueous, solvent, latex, and UV-curable systems for wide- and narrow-format.

1) Run the banners on UV inkjet for faster curing; 2) Calibrate the inkjet DFE for accurate color; 3) Choose latex inkjet for outdoor durability.


JDF (Job Definition Format)

An XML-based standard for defining, automating, and tracking print processes across prepress, press, finishing, and MIS systems.

1) Send the job ticket via JDF from MIS to the cutter; 2) Update job status automatically through JDF; 3) The new folder is JDF-enabled.


Kerning

Adjusting the space between specific pairs of characters to improve typographic appearance and readability; distinct from tracking.

1) Tighten kerning on the headline; 2) Fix awkward kerning around the ‘A’ and ‘V’ in the logo; 3) Avoid auto-kerning for final wordmarks.


Lamination

Applying a thin plastic film (gloss, matte, soft-touch) to printed sheets for protection and tactile finish; can be one- or two-sided.

1) Use matte lamination on menus for durability; 2) Choose sealed-edge lamination for outdoor use; 3) Lamination will reduce cracking on heavy coverage folds.


Lithography (Offset Lithography)

A planographic printing process where ink and water repel on the plate, transferring the image to a blanket, then to the substrate; ideal for medium to long runs.

1) Print the catalogs 4/4 offset on the 40-inch press; 2) Remake the plate—image clipped on the litho press; 3) Offset offers better unit cost at 10,000+ pieces.


Makeready

All setup steps and materials required to bring a press or finishing device to production conditions, including plates, wash-ups, ink presetting, and proofing.

1) Estimate includes 500 sheets for makeready; 2) Digital press has shorter makeready than offset; 3) Add time for makeready when switching to coated stock.


Moiré

An interference pattern that appears when screen angles or periodic patterns (e.g., fabric) conflict with halftone screens or scanner sampling.

1) A moiré is visible in the checked shirt; 2) Change screen angles or resample to reduce moiré; 3) Use FM (stochastic) screening to eliminate moiré.


NCOA (National Change of Address)

USPS database service that updates mailing lists with address changes to reduce undeliverable mail and qualify for postage discounts.

1) Run NCOA before presort to meet USPS requirements; 2) Provide the NCOA match report with the list; 3) NCOA processing reduced returns by 12%.


N-up

Imposition technique of placing multiple identical pieces on a single sheet to improve yield (e.g., 2-up, 4-up, 8-up).

1) Place the postcard 8-up on 12×18 to maximize yield; 2) Switch to 6-up to accommodate the bleed; 3) Business cards will run 24-up on the parent sheet.


Offset Printing

A widely used printing method where images are transferred (offset) from plate to rubber blanket to substrate; delivers high quality and consistency at scale.

1) Choose offset over digital for the 20,000-run brochure; 2) Watch dot gain on uncoated offset jobs; 3) Offset inks require drying time before finishing.


Pantone (PMS)

A standardized spot color system used to specify and match precise ink colors; includes solid inks and guide books for coated/uncoated papers.

1) Match the brand blue to Pantone 286 C; 2) Convert the PMS color to a CMYK build for digital; 3) Use Pantone Bridge to preview process equivalents.


PDF/X

A family of ISO standards for print-ready PDF exchange that constrain color, fonts, transparency, and output intent (e.g., PDF/X‑1a, PDF/X‑4).

1) Submit files as PDF/X‑4 with embedded profiles; 2) Preflight the PDF against the PDF/X profile; 3) Rejecting—file not PDF/X compliant.


Perfect Binding

An adhesive binding method that grinds the spine and applies glue (EVA or PUR) to create a square spine, suitable for thicker books.

1) Perfect bind the 200‑page catalog; 2) Use PUR for coated interior pages; 3) Allow 0.125 inch grind-off in the spine.


Preflight

The process of checking digital files for print readiness—verifying fonts, image resolution, color spaces, bleeds, overprints, and more.

1) Preflight flagged RGB images and missing fonts; 2) Run Enfocus PitStop preflight before release; 3) Add a preflight checklist to the portal.


Press Check

A client or production review at the press to approve color and quality before proceeding with the full run; adjustments may be made on press.

1) Schedule the press check for 9 a.m.; 2) Increase magenta by 5% at press check; 3) Client signed off on the press sheet.


QR Code

A two-dimensional barcode that links printed materials to digital content, enabling tracking and interactivity when scanned by a smartphone.

1) Add a QR code to drive traffic to the landing page; 2) Ensure minimum size and high contrast for readability; 3) Track scan rates by campaign.


Registration

The precise alignment of colors and sheet fronts/backs in printing and finishing; poor registration causes color fringes or misaligned pages.

1) Fix misregistration on the back-up; 2) Check registration marks for alignment; 3) Tight registration is critical on fine type and hairlines.


RIP (Raster Image Processor)

Software/hardware that converts vector and image data into raster dots for imaging devices; controls screening, color management, and trapping.

1) RIP time is long due to heavy transparency; 2) Update the RIP to the latest version; 3) Set screening to 200 lpi in the RIP.


Run Length

The total quantity of impressions or finished pieces in a job; influences pricing, method selection, and scheduling.

1) Short run—use digital to avoid plate costs; 2) Quote price breaks at 5k and 10k run lengths; 3) Add 3% overs for spoilage at this run length.


Saddle Stitching

Binding method using wire staples through the fold of nested signatures; common for booklets and magazines.

1) 48-page saddle-stitched booklet in 12-page signatures; 2) Allow for creep when paginating; 3) Check maximum thickness for the stitcher.


Spot Color

A premixed ink used to reproduce specific colors outside CMYK, often for brand colors, metallics, whites, or fluorescents.

1) Keep the logo as a spot color; 2) Add spot white underprint on clear labels; 3) Decide spot vs process based on budget and consistency.


Substrate

The material being printed on—paper, board, vinyl, fabric, film, metal, etc.—each with properties like weight, finish, opacity, and coating.

1) Choose 100# cover gloss as the substrate; 2) Verify the vinyl substrate is compatible with UV inks; 3) The fabric substrate needs a fire rating.


Trapping

A slight overlap or underlap between adjacent colors to compensate for minor misregistration and prevent gaps.

1) Add a 0.25 pt trap around the white type; 2) Let the RIP handle automatic trapping; 3) Remove traps when printing spot metallic foils.


Trim Size

The final cut dimensions of a printed piece after all finishing operations; drives layout, imposition, and bleed requirements.

1) Trim size is 8.5 × 11 inches; 2) Design to trim with 0.125 inch bleeds; 3) Confirm flat vs trim size for the fold.


UV Coating

A high-gloss, durable coating cured instantly with ultraviolet light; offers strong rub resistance and vibrant appearance.

1) UV coat the postcard fronts only; 2) Knock out UV where glue or ink must adhere; 3) Test rub resistance on dark solids.


Variable Data Printing (VDP)

Digital printing that personalizes each piece using database-driven text, images, and offers to improve relevance and response.

1) Personalize names and offers on VDP postcards; 2) Proof the VDP logic and sample records; 3) Securely handle PII in the VDP workflow.


Vector vs Raster

Vector graphics use mathematical paths (scalable without quality loss); raster images are pixel-based (resolution dependent). Both appear in print workflows.

1) Supply the logo as a vector PDF; 2) Ensure raster photos are 300 PPI at size; 3) Convert strokes to outlines before die-line export.


Web-to-Print

Online portals for ordering, templating, proofing, and automating print production with integrated pricing, approvals, and workflows.

1) Set up a branded web-to-print storefront; 2) Lock templates to enforce brand compliance; 3) Integrate the portal with the MIS for job tickets.


Wire-O Binding

A twin-loop wire binding that allows books to lay flat and turn pages 360 degrees; common for manuals, notebooks, and calendars.

1) Specify 5/8 inch Wire-O for the calendar; 2) Avoid crossovers near the wire; 3) Choose wire color to match the cover.


Xerography

An electrophotographic imaging process used by laser printers and copiers that forms images with toner and fusing, common in digital duplicating.

1) High-speed xerographic devices handle short runs; 2) Test toner adhesion on synthetic stocks; 3) Adjust fuser temperature to prevent offsetting.


Yield

The number of finished pieces obtained from a parent sheet or roll, considering imposition, bleeds, and spoilage; key to estimating costs.

1) Calculate yield from 20 × 28 sheets to 6 × 9 trims; 2) Rotate layout to improve yield by one up; 3) Include a spoilage factor when forecasting yield.


Z-Fold

A three-panel fold where panels fold in opposite directions forming a Z shape; each panel is equal width; also called a zig-zag fold.

1) Produce a Z-fold brochure instead of a letter fold; 2) Keep text away from fold lines; 3) Confirm panel sizes match for a clean Z.


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