Television Stations Industry Terminology

Ad-ID

The industry-standard unique identifier for advertising creative in the U.S., replacing legacy ISCI codes. It enables accurate trafficking, reconciliation, and cross-platform measurement by tying each spot to a single code.

-Pull the Ad-ID before we load the spot into traffic. -The agency won’t accept the buy without Ad-ID tagged to every creative. -Ad delivery and post logs reconcile faster when Ad-ID is mandatory.


Addressable TV

The ability to deliver different commercials to different households watching the same program, typically via MVPDs, vMVPDs, OTT, or ATSC 3.0 targeting. It improves media efficiency and reduces waste through privacy-compliant audience selection.

-We’re shifting 15% of the plan to addressable to reach in-market auto intenders. -Addressable CPMs are higher, but ROI lift offsets the premium. -ATSC 3.0 opens a path to broadcast addressability at scale.


Affiliate

A locally owned station that carries network programming via an affiliation agreement (as opposed to a network-owned O&O). Affiliates get brand strength and content while committing to programming clearance and advertising positions.

-We’re the ABC affiliate in DMA 23. -The new affiliation agreement includes expanded network news blocks. -Losing the network affiliation would disrupt prime-time ratings.


ATSC 1.0

The original U.S. digital broadcast standard using 8VSB modulation, MPEG-2 video, AC-3 audio, and PSIP for virtual channels/EPG. It remains the legacy OTA system during the transition to ATSC 3.0.

-Our ATSC 1.0 host handles the simulcast during the 3.0 rollout. -MPEG-2 bitrate limits how many .x subchannels we can add in 1.0. -PSIP tables must be accurate for ATSC 1.0 receivers.


ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV)

The IP-based broadcast standard enabling HEVC video, HDR, immersive audio, OFDM modulation, datacasting, advanced emergency alerts, and targeted/interactive ads. It’s not backward-compatible with 1.0, so markets use simulcasts.

-We’ll light up 3.0 with HDR and 4K-capable workflows. -Datacasting in 3.0 adds a new B2B revenue stream. -Addressable ad pilots run over ATSC 3.0 in our market.


Barter Syndication

A syndication model where stations receive a program at low cost or free in exchange for giving the distributor a portion of the ad inventory (e.g., 7/5 split). Cash+barter hybrids are common.

-The show is on a 7 national / 5 local barter split. -We cleared the barter magazine show for early fringe. -Barter reduces cash outlay but sacrifices some local avails.


Blackout Rules

Restrictions that require certain content (often sports) to be blocked in specific areas due to rights or league rules. Blackouts are enforced by DMA, ZIP, or device location across OTA, MVPD, and streaming.

-The MLB game is blacked out in our DMA due to territorial rights. -MVPDs must enforce the regional sports blackout on their systems. -Our OTT app uses geo-fencing to comply with blackout rules.


C3/C7 Ratings

Average commercial minute ratings including live viewing plus 3 or 7 days of time-shifted playback (DVR/VOD), historically used as TV ad currency. They reflect audience for commercials, not just programs.

-The deal is guaranteed on C3 adults 25–54. -C7 delivery is stronger due to delayed viewing. -We’re moving toward impression-based currency, but clients still ask for C3.


CALM Act

U.S. law requiring TV ads to have the same perceived loudness as the surrounding program, typically measured with LKFS per ATSC A/85. Stations must maintain loudness compliance in playout.

-QC flagged the spot for CALM Act non-compliance (−15 LKFS target). -We normalized the long-form to meet A/85. -Automation applies loudness control to prevent CALM complaints.


Captioning (Closed Captioning)

Text display of program audio for accessibility, delivered via EIA-608/708 (broadcast) or IMSC/CEA-708 in streaming. The FCC sets standards for accuracy, synchronicity, and completeness.

-All news and emergency content must be captioned in real time. -The 708 captions drifted; engineering corrected timing. -OTT deliverables require sidecar IMSC files.


CPM (Cost Per Mille)

The cost to deliver 1,000 ad impressions. Increasingly the common currency across linear, addressable, and OTT buys.

-The CPM on prime is $22 A25–54. -Addressable CPMs are higher but targeted. -The client wants an all-in cross-platform CPM.


CPP (Cost Per Rating Point)

The cost for one rating point (1% of the defined audience). Traditional spot-TV metric used to compare efficiency across dayparts and stations.

-Late news CPP is lower than prime CPP this quarter. -We optimized the schedule to reduce CPP in early fringe. -CPP benchmarks vary widely by DMA size.


DAI (Dynamic Ad Insertion)

The real-time decisioning and insertion of ads into a stream or broadcast-IP transport based on data signals (e.g., SCTE-35 markers in linear-to-OTT workflows). Enables targeting and creative rotation.

-We mapped SCTE-35 to enable DAI in our FAST channel. -The SSAI stack stitches ads server-side to avoid ad blockers. -ATSC 3.0 pilots include broadcast DAI.


Daypart

Programming blocks used to plan inventory, pricing, and programming (e.g., early morning, daytime, early fringe, prime access, prime, late news, late fringe). Audience size and price vary widely by daypart.

-We’re heavying-up in early news dayparts. -Prime rates surge during tentpole events. -Daytime CPP dropped after the schedule change.


Digital Multicast Subchannel

Additional OTA channels carried within the same RF signal (e.g., 5.2, 5.3), often hosting diginets, weather, or local content. Monetized via spots, sponsorships, or carriage deals.

-We’re launching a true-crime diginet on 8.3. -Bitrate allocation across subchannels impacts picture quality. -Subchannels add incremental GRPs at low cost.


DMA (Designated Market Area)

Nielsen-defined TV market regions used for audience measurement, ad sales, and content rights. A station’s DMA drives rates, competition, and blackout territories.

-We’re #1 in A25–54 in DMA 12. -The buy excludes out-of-DMA households. -Sports rights are sold by DMA footprint.


Duopoly

Common ownership or control of two full-power stations in the same DMA (subject to FCC rules). Duopolies enable shared services and cost efficiencies.

-The group operates a Fox/CW duopoly in our market. -Shared services reduce duplicative news costs. -Regulatory limits affected the proposed duopoly.


E/I (Educational/Informational)

Children’s programming that meets FCC educational/informational requirements, with minimum weekly hours and on-screen E/I display. Logged and reported for compliance.

-Schedule three hours of E/I each week on the main channel. -Remember the E/I bug in the first minute. -The quarterly children’s report must list E/I episodes.


EAS (Emergency Alert System)

The national public warning system requiring stations to monitor, originate, and relay emergency messages and conduct regular tests. Integrated with automation and ATSC 3.0 advanced alerts.

-We ran the weekly EAS test during midday. -A weather warning preempted programming on all channels. -Logs must show receipt and retransmission of EAS messages.


ENG (Electronic News Gathering)

Field newsgathering using microwave, bonded cellular, satellite (SNG), or IP contribution. Includes live shots, IFB, and return video.

-The ENG truck is set on the courthouse live shot. -We’ll use bonded cellular to avoid line-of-sight issues. -Assign an IFB for the reporter and photog.


FAST Channel (Free Ad-Supported Streaming TV)

Linear-like streaming channels distributed on platforms (e.g., Pluto, Tubi) funded by advertising. Stations repurpose local content and create themed channels.

-We launched a 24/7 local news FAST channel. -Monetization relies on DAI and programmatic demand. -Our FAST inventory complements OTA avails.


GRP (Gross Rating Points)

The sum of ratings for a schedule (Reach × Frequency). Used to plan, buy, and evaluate campaign weight.

-We need 250 GRPs in Adults 25–54. -Boosting frequency raised total GRPs but not reach. -GRPs alone don’t show deduplicated reach.


HAAT (Height Above Average Terrain)

A measure of antenna height relative to surrounding terrain that, with ERP, determines coverage. Critical in transmitter siting and FCC filings.

-Increasing HAAT improved fringe reception. -Coverage maps model ERP and HAAT together. -The tower relocation changed our HAAT.


HUT/PUT (Households/Persons Using Television)

The percentage of all TV households/persons in a market watching TV at a given time. Used to contextualize rating and share by daypart.

-Prime HUT levels drive higher ratings. -Low PUT at 1 a.m. limits delivery. -Share rose even though HUT fell.


IFB (Interruptible Foldback)

Audio feed that lets talent hear program audio and the producer’s instructions through an earpiece. Used for live shots and studio shows.

-Check the reporter’s IFB before we hit air. -Producer will backtime you on IFB. -We lost IFB; cue with hand signals.


Impressions

The total number of ad exposures delivered, regardless of duplication. Increasingly the common currency across linear and digital platforms.

-Our deal guarantees 12 million impressions A25–54. -Post-campaign, we owed 8% in impression shortfalls. -Impressions enable cross-platform equivalency.


JSA (Joint Sales Agreement)

An arrangement where one station sells ad inventory for another, often paired with SSAs/LMAs. Subject to FCC scrutiny on ownership/control.

-Under the JSA, we handle their local spot sales. -Regulatory changes affected the JSA’s term. -JSA efficiencies improved sell-through.


Legal ID

The required top-of-hour identification stating the station’s call letters and city of license (e.g., “WXYZ-TV, Anytown”). Must air within a few minutes near the hour.

-Trigger the legal ID at the hour break. -Our legal ID includes the main and translator calls. -Automation inserts the legal ID during the bumper.


Lowest Unit Rate (LUR)

The minimum rate that stations must offer to legally qualified political candidates during designated windows, equal to the station’s lowest rate for the same class/time.

-We reclassed the schedule to comply with LUR. -Political season compresses inventory at LUR pricing. -Document the class-of-time to support LUR claims.


Makegood

A compensation spot or schedule adjustment provided when a campaign underdelivers on its guarantee (ratings, impressions, or positions).

-We owe three makegoods due to storm preemptions. -Makegood inventory will run in late news. -Impression shortfalls trigger program-specific makegoods.


Master Control

The playout and switching center that manages programming, commercials, live events, legal IDs, EAS, and quality control, typically run with automation.

-Master control rolled the backup after the server fault. -Update the playlist before prime-time. -EAS overrides are handled in master control.


MVPD (Multichannel Video Programming Distributor)

Cable, satellite, or telco TV providers (e.g., Comcast, Dish, DirecTV) that carry stations and networks to subscribers. Distinct from vMVPDs.

-Retrans fees are negotiated with each MVPD. -Our station sits on the basic tier across MVPDs. -The outage affected two MVPD headends.


Nielsen Currency

The audience measurement standard used to transact ad buys, historically panel-based ratings (C3/C7) and increasingly impression-based with big data enhancements.

-The deal is on Nielsen impressions, A25–54. -We’re moving from CPP to impression currency. -Panel-plus-big-data improves stability in low-HUT dayparts.


NRCS (Newsroom Computer System)

Software for newsroom planning, scripts, rundowns, MOS integration, and automation control (e.g., ENPS, iNEWS). Central to live newscast workflows.

-Update the rundown slug in NRCS. -MOS links trigger CG and video playback. -Producer locked the rundown for rehearsal.


O&O (Owned-and-Operated)

A station owned directly by a national network (e.g., NBC O&Os), as opposed to an affiliate owned by an independent group. Often has stronger network integration.

-The network’s O&O group upgraded to 1080p HDR. -O&O news mandates standardized graphics. -Compensation differs from affiliate deals.


OTT (Over-the-Top)

Video delivered over the public internet to connected TVs, mobile, and desktop via apps. Includes AVOD, SVOD, and live streaming; monetized through DAI, programmatic, and sponsorships.

-Our OTT app extends local news beyond OTA. -We’re adding programmatic demand to OTT inventory. -Attribution is stronger on OTT than linear.


Programmatic TV Buying

Automated purchasing of TV/video inventory via platforms/PMPs, often with audience targeting, frequency caps, and real-time pacing. Applies to OTT, FAST, and increasingly linear.

-We listed our inventory in a private marketplace. -Programmatic pacing is behind; raise the bid. -Use first-party data segments for programmatic OTT.


PSIP (Program and System Information Protocol)

Metadata in ATSC 1.0 that carries virtual channel numbers, station identifiers, and EPG info so viewers see the correct 7.x channel line-up. Accuracy affects discoverability and tuners.

-Update PSIP for the new subchannel branding. -A PSIP error hid 5.3 from older sets. -Legal ID must match PSIP calls.


Rating (Nielsen Rating)

The percentage of the total target universe (households or persons) watching a program or time period. A 1.0 household rating equals 1% of TV households in the DMA.

-Late news did a 6.2 HH rating. -We guaranteed a 1.1 rating A25–54. -Ratings dipped with lower HUT.


Reach and Frequency

Reach is the unduplicated percentage of the audience exposed at least once; frequency is the average number of exposures per reached individual. Balanced to optimize impact.

-We need 55% reach at a 3.0 frequency. -Adding dayparts increased reach more than frequency. -Capping frequency reduces waste.


Retransmission Consent

The election to negotiate per-subscriber fees from MVPDs for carrying a station’s signal (vs. must-carry). A major revenue source for local stations.

-Our retrans deal with the cable operator renews in Q4. -A carriage dispute triggered a temporary blackout. -Group-wide retrans rates rose 8% year-over-year.


Share (Audience Share)

The percentage of TV in use (HUT/PUT) tuned to a program or station, indicating competitive position among active viewers.

-We won the 10 p.m. news with a 38 share. -Share improved even as overall HUT declined. -Prime special stole share from competitors.


Spot (Commercial Spot)

An individual commercial unit (e.g., :15, :30, :60) placed in program breaks, sold as fixed position, adjacency, or ROS. Makegoods replace missed/underdelivered spots.

-The client upgraded to three :30 spots in prime. -That spot has alcohol separation rules. -We owe two ROS spots due to the preemption.


STL (Studio-to-Transmitter Link)

The link carrying program audio/video/data and control from the studio to the transmitter site, via microwave, fiber, or IP. Redundant STLs are common for resiliency.

-Microwave STL failed; switch to fiber backup. -STL latency impacts timing of EAS triggers. -The new STL path supports 1080p workflows.


Syndication

The licensing of programs (first-run or off-network) to individual stations or groups, via cash, barter, or cash-plus-barter deals. Clearance and dayparting drive ratings.

-We cleared the talk show in early fringe. -Off-network comedy delivers strong early news flow. -Barter terms reserve national ad inventory.


Traffic System

Software and processes that schedule programs and ads, manage avails, apply copy instructions, and produce as-run logs for billing (e.g., WideOrbit, OSI).

-Load the new copy into traffic by noon. -The as-run report reconciles spots against the contract. -Traffic locked the log before master control roll.


UHF/VHF

OTA broadcast frequency bands (very high frequency, ultra-high frequency) with different propagation characteristics. Many stations moved bands during spectrum repack.

-Our move to UHF improved indoor reception. -VHF-low can be challenging for small antennas. -Rerun coverage maps after the band change.


Upfronts

The annual selling period when networks and station groups offer inventory for the upcoming season, typically with audience guarantees; scatter refers to in-season buying.

-We locked in prime inventory during the upfront. -Scatter CPMs spiked after ratings surged. -The client split budget 70/30 upfront vs scatter.


vMVPD (Virtual MVPD)

Internet-delivered pay-TV bundles (e.g., YouTube TV, Hulu + Live TV) that carry local stations and networks without traditional cable/satellite infrastructure.

-We secured carriage on two vMVPDs. -vMVPD measurement feeds into our impression currency. -Blackouts must also be enforced on vMVPDs.


Watermarking (Nielsen)

Inaudible audio codes embedded in content/ads that enable audience measurement and crediting across live and time-shifted viewing. Used in both programming and commercial spots.

-QC the watermark to ensure credit for delayed viewing. -The spot was missing the Nielsen watermark and didn’t credit. -Watermark integrity is part of our delivery spec.


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