Video Production Industry Terminology

Above-the-Line

Budget category and creative leadership group that includes producer(s), director, writers, and principal cast. These costs are negotiated early and often carry creative control.

We still need to lock the above-the-line deals before we crew up. Above-the-line costs spiked when we upgraded our director and lead talent. The ATL budget is separate from equipment and post.


ADR (Automated Dialogue Replacement)

Re-recording dialogue in a controlled environment to replace or supplement production audio during post-production.

Book the ADR stage to fix the noisy café scene. We’ll ADR that last line to match the new edit. The actor is traveling; can we do remote ADR?


Aperture (f-stop)

The adjustable iris in a lens that controls the amount of light reaching the sensor, affecting exposure and depth of field. Expressed as f-stops or T-stops.

Stop down to f/8 to get more of the product in focus. Shoot wide open at f/1.4 for a dreamy background. The DP wants consistent T-stops across lenses.


Aspect Ratio

The proportional relationship between image width and height (e.g., 16:9, 1.85:1, 2.39:1). Influences composition and deliverable specs.

Deliver a 16:9 master and a 9:16 cutdown for social. We framed for 2.39:1 but protected for 1.78:1. Client requested a 1:1 teaser for Instagram.


B-Roll

Supplementary footage that supports and intercuts with the main action (A-roll), adding context, coverage, and visual interest.

Grab some B-roll of the factory floor between setups. We’ll cover the interview edit with relevant B-roll. Shoot atmospheric B-roll for transitions.


Below-the-Line

Budget category covering technical crew, equipment, and production/post costs (excluding creative leadership).

Our below-the-line costs increased due to additional crew and gear. We need to trim BTL expenses to stay on budget. BTL includes camera, grip, electric, art, and post.


Buyout (Usage Buyout)

A one-time fee granting broad or unlimited usage rights for a performance, music, or footage across specified media, territories, and durations.

The client wants a global, perpetual buyout for all media. We priced a one-year web buyout with an option to renew. Talent requested a higher fee for a full buyout.


Call Sheet

Daily production document detailing schedule, locations, contact info, call times, scenes, safety notes, and logistics for cast and crew.

The call sheet goes out by 7 p.m. with tomorrow’s schedule. What’s my call time and parking on the call sheet? Add the weather note and VFX plate reminder to the call sheet.


Chroma Key (Green Screen)

Technique of isolating and replacing a specific background color (commonly green or blue) with another background in post-production.

Avoid green wardrobe; we’re shooting on green screen. We’ll key the background and composite a CG set. Light the screen evenly for a clean key.


Codec (Compression Codec)

Algorithm/format used to encode and compress audiovisual data for recording, editing, and delivery (e.g., ProRes, DNxHR, H.264, H.265).

Transcode everything to ProRes 422 for offline. Deliver H.264 in an .mp4 wrapper at 20 Mbps. The camera records HEVC (H.265) internally.


Color Grading

The creative and technical process of adjusting color, contrast, and tone to achieve consistency and a desired aesthetic.

Send the locked cut to color next week. Please match the two camera angles and cool the highlights. We’ll build a hero look, then trim notes.


Color Space (Rec.709/DCI-P3/Rec.2020)

A defined gamut and transfer characteristic describing how colors are encoded and displayed. Determines look consistency across devices and deliverables.

We’re mastering in P3 D65 for the theatrical DCP. Grade in Rec.709 for broadcast and SDR streaming. The client wants a Rec.2020 HDR pass too.


Crew Deal Memo

Individual agreement outlining a crew member’s job title, rate, hours, overtime, kit fees, credit, terms, and policies.

Please sign the deal memo with your rate and kit fee. Our deal memos specify OT after 10 hours and net 30 terms. The memo includes NDA and credit language.


Day Rate

A flat fee paid for a defined workday (often 10 or 12 hours), with overtime and penalties governed by contract or union rules.

My day rate is $750/10, with OT after 10 hours. We budgeted the DP at a two-day day rate plus prep. Is your quoted day a 10 or 12?


Deliverables

The required final assets for handoff to a client or distributor (masters, versions, captions, audio stems, artwork, metadata, etc.).

Deliverables include a 4K ProRes master, captions, and audio stems. QC flagged a peak; fix before delivery. Provide a 1080p social cut with burnt-in timecode for review.


Depth of Field (DoF)

The range in a scene that appears acceptably sharp, influenced by aperture, focal length, sensor size, and subject distance.

We need shallow DoF for a cinematic interview. Stop down to increase DoF on the product macro. Switching to a wider lens will increase DoF.


DIT (Digital Imaging Technician)

On-set role managing data integrity, dailies, color pipelines, and monitoring; often handles backups, LUTs, and transcodes.

The DIT will back up mags and apply the show LUT. Live-grade on set to match cameras. DIT will generate editorial proxies overnight.


DP/DoP (Director of Photography)

The cinematographer responsible for visual design, camera, and lighting, collaborating closely with the director and gaffer.

The DP prefers primes for this spot. DP and gaffer are planning a soft toplight. Hire a DP with tabletop experience.


E&O Insurance (Errors and Omissions)

Professional liability insurance that protects against legal claims such as copyright infringement, defamation, and invasion of privacy.

The streamer requires E&O before delivery. Clear all music and logos to satisfy E&O. Our broker quoted E&O covering defamation claims.


Frame Rate (fps)

The number of frames captured or played per second; affects motion rendering, exposure, and deliverable standards.

Shoot 23.976 for a cinematic cadence. Overcrank to 120 fps for slow motion. Broadcast spot needs 29.97 drop-frame.


Gaffer

Head of the lighting department, responsible for implementing the DP’s lighting plan and managing the electric team.

Ask the gaffer for a larger soft source. The gaffer will power the practicals through dimmers. Gaffer and key grip will pre-rig tomorrow.


Grip

Crew handling rigging, camera support, and non-electrical light control (flags, diffusion, dollies, track, rigging).

The key grip will handle the dolly and rigging. Flag that spill; ask grip for a 4x4 solid. Grips will secure the car mount.


HDR (High Dynamic Range)

Imaging and delivery standard offering greater contrast and color volume (commonly PQ/HDR10 or HLG), requiring dedicated grading and capable displays.

Deliver HDR10 with SDR trims. Grade HDR on a 1,000-nit monitor using PQ. We shot log to support an HDR master.


ISO (Sensor Sensitivity)

A camera setting indicating sensor sensitivity to light; impacts exposure and noise characteristics.

Use native ISO 800 for optimal dynamic range. We can push to ISO 3200 but expect more noise. Dual-native ISO helps in low light.


Licensing (Music/Footage)

Securing legal permission to use copyrighted material (music, footage, artwork, trademarks) under specified terms (media, territory, term).

We need a sync and master license for that track. The stock clip license is web-only for two years. Add trademark clearance to the licensing plan.


Location Release

Written permission from a property owner granting the right to film on their premises and use the resulting footage.

We can’t shoot until the location release is signed. The mall requires its own release on top of the permit. Get the owner’s name correct on the release.


Log Gamma (S-Log, V-Log, C-Log)

Flat, low-contrast recording profiles that capture extended dynamic range for flexible color grading.

Expose S-Log3 one stop over for cleaner shadows. Convert log to Rec.709 with a LUT on set. We’ll keep it in log until the final grade.


LUT (Look-Up Table)

A transform file (1D/3D) used to map one color/tonal space to another or apply a consistent look during monitoring and post.

Apply the show LUT for client monitors. Use a technical LUT to convert log to Rec.709. Export the grading LUT for dailies.


NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement)

A contract to keep specified information confidential between parties, common before pitches, bids, and high-profile shoots.

Sign the NDA before the creative brief. Crew NDAs cover set photos and social posts. Vendor access requires an NDA on file.


Net 30 / Net 60

Payment terms indicating the number of days after invoice date when payment is due (30 or 60).

Our invoices are net 30; late fees apply. The network pays on net 60 after acceptance. Clarify net terms in the deal memo.


Permits (Location Permitting)

Official authorization to film in a jurisdiction or venue; often requires fees, insurance, and adherence to local rules.

Submit the city film permit by Friday. The park requires a permit and insurance COI. No drone flights without an FAA waiver and permit.


Post-Production

All processes after principal photography: editing, sound, VFX, color, finishing, QC, and mastering.

Picture lock before sending to sound and color. Conform the online from the offline edit. QC the final master before delivery.


Pre-Production

The planning phase covering script breakdown, scheduling, budgeting, casting, scouting, logistics, and creative development.

Let’s lock casting and locations in pre-pro. PPM with the client is Tuesday. Build the shot list and storyboard during pre-production.


Rate Card

A published list of standard services, gear, and corresponding prices used to scope bids and estimates.

I’ll send our rate card with kit options. The rate card lists OT and cancellation terms. Add a drone line item to the rate card.


Release Form (Talent/Crowd Release)

Consent document granting the production rights to use an individual’s likeness, voice, and performance.

Talent releases must be signed before we roll. Post a crowd release at the event entrance. Minors require a guardian’s signature on releases.


RFP (Request for Proposal)

A client’s formal request inviting vendors to propose creative, budget, and execution plans for a project.

The RFP asks for timeline, budget, and creative approach. We’ll submit treatment options in our RFP response. Shortlist vendors based on RFP criteria.


Rough Cut

An early, loose edit focusing on story structure and pacing, preceding fine cut and picture lock.

We’ll share RC1 on Thursday for feedback. Rough cut runs long; trim two minutes. Don’t color until after the rough cut is approved.


SAG-AFTRA

The performers’ union covering actors and voice talent; sets rates, working conditions, and residuals for signatory productions.

This spot is a SAG commercial; budget for fringes. We must follow SAG turnaround and meal rules. Submit the cast list to SAG-AFTRA.


Scope Creep

Unplanned expansion of project requirements without corresponding budget or schedule adjustments.

Adding three locations is scope creep. Issue a change order to manage scope creep. Lock the brief to prevent creep.


Shot List

A document enumerating the planned shots, framing, movements, and coverage needed to execute the storyboard or script.

Build a detailed shot list per scene. AD uses the shot list to schedule the day. The shot list ensures we have cutaways for edit.


Slate (Clapper)

A board and action marking scene/take/timecode at the head or tail of a shot to aid identification and audio sync.

Soft sticks; talent is close to the mic. Tail slate the pickup shot. Sync slates to the timecode feed.


Sound Mixer (Location Sound)

On-set audio lead capturing production sound; manages microphones, recorder, timecode, and audio quality.

The mixer will lav the CEO and boom the interviewer. Please jam timecode to the mixer and cameras. Record iso tracks for each mic.


Sync/Timecode

A timing reference (e.g., SMPTE timecode, LTC) used to align audio and video across devices and in post.

Jam-sync all cameras at call. Use LTC into the audio channel for TC. The slate provides a sync reference for double-system sound.


Treatment

A narrative pitch describing concept, tone, visuals, and approach, used to win work and align stakeholders before scripting.

Submit a two-page treatment with visual references. The director’s treatment sold the concept. Revise the treatment to address the RFP notes.


Turnaround

Minimum rest period required between wrap and the next call; governed by union rules and contracts.

Maintain a 12-hour turnaround between days. Violating turnaround triggers penalties. Talent has an 11-hour turnaround per contract.


Union vs Non-Union

Whether a production follows union rules (e.g., SAG-AFTRA, IATSE) for rates, benefits, and conditions or operates non-union.

We’re crewed as non-union; adjust rates accordingly. Union shoots must observe meal penalties and turnarounds. Decide early if the show will be union signatory.


VFX (Visual Effects)

Creation or alteration of imagery in post, including compositing, CG, cleanup, and enhancements.

Send plates and tracking data to VFX. We’ll paint out the boom and add set extensions. Budget for roto and compositing on 20 shots.


White Balance

Calibration that neutralizes color casts by aligning the camera to a reference color temperature or profile.

Set WB to 5600K for daylight. Use a gray card to custom white balance. Mixed lighting may require a WB compromise.


Workflow

The end-to-end technical and process pipeline from acquisition through post and delivery, including data, color, and editorial paths.

Define an ACES workflow from camera to delivery. We’ll use proxies for offline, then conform to RAW. Document naming conventions in the workflow.


Wrap

Conclusion of a shooting day or the entire production; also refers to activities that follow immediately after finishing.

That’s a wrap; return gear and back up media. We wrapped by 7 p.m. to avoid OT. Plan a wrap day for pickups and returns.


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