Elementary and Secondary Schools Industry Terminology

Accountability Index

A composite score used by states to rate school performance across indicators like proficiency, growth, graduation, English learner progress, and climate.

Our district’s accountability index improved after raising growth in math; The state recalibrated the accountability index to give more weight to chronic absenteeism; Schools below a threshold on the accountability index must submit a School Improvement Plan.


Accreditation

An external quality assurance process verifying that a school or district meets established standards of performance and continuous improvement.

The high school renewed its accreditation through Cognia; Accreditation teams will visit campuses next month; Loss of accreditation can affect graduation recognition and college admissions.


Advanced Placement (AP)

College-level courses and exams offered in high school that can lead to college credit or advanced placement.

AP Biology enrollment increased 20% this year; The board approved exam fee subsidies to expand AP access; AP exam scores factor into our college readiness metrics.


Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A federal civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities in public life, including schools, facilities, and employment. Do not confuse with Average Daily Attendance (also abbreviated ADA).

The district upgraded entrances to meet ADA accessibility standards; Staff received ADA training on reasonable accommodations; ADA compliance is part of our facilities master plan.


Average Daily Attendance (ADA)

The average number of enrolled students actually attending each day over a period, used in some states for funding and accountability.

Our ADA dropped during flu season, impacting revenue; The attendance team launched interventions to raise ADA; Some states fund based on enrollment rather than ADA.


Benchmark Assessment

Interim tests administered periodically to gauge progress toward standards and predict end-of-year performance.

Winter benchmark assessments flagged gaps in fractions; Teachers use benchmark data to plan reteach cycles; The district adopted a new benchmark platform aligned to state standards.


Blended Learning

An instructional model that combines face-to-face teaching with online learning, enabling some student control over time, place, path, and/or pace.

Sixth grade launched a station-rotation blended learning model; Blended learning supports credit recovery after absences; We trained teachers to design playlists for blended learning.


Board of Education

The elected or appointed governing body that sets policy, adopts budgets, and oversees the superintendent for a school district.

The Board of Education approved the FY26 operating budget; Board policy now requires quarterly safety audits; Candidates are running for three open Board of Education seats.


Bond Measure (School Bond)

Voter-authorized debt issued by a district to fund capital projects such as new schools, renovations, and major equipment (not operating expenses).

The bond measure funds HVAC upgrades and new buses; Voters passed a $200M school bond for new elementary campuses; Bond proceeds cannot be used for salaries under state law.


Career and Technical Education (CTE)

Programs that prepare students for careers through sequenced pathways, hands-on labs, industry certifications, and work-based learning.

Enrollment in the healthcare CTE pathway doubled; Perkins V funds upgraded our welding lab; CTE concentrators earned OSHA-10 certifications.


Charter School

A public school operating under a charter with increased autonomy in exchange for accountability to performance targets.

The charter school’s renewal depends on meeting growth goals; Our LEA oversees three charters’ compliance; Families applied to a STEM-focused charter across town.


Child Find

An IDEA requirement that districts identify, locate, and evaluate all children who may have disabilities and need special education services.

The Child Find team scheduled screenings at community centers; We documented Child Find efforts in our compliance audit; Child Find referrals increased after pediatric outreach.


Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA)

A federal law requiring schools with E-rate discounts to implement internet safety policies and filters that block harmful content.

The tech team updated filters to maintain CIPA compliance; Our acceptable use policy aligns with CIPA; The auditor reviewed CIPA documentation for E-rate.


Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)

A federal law governing online data collection from children under 13, requiring parental consent and specific privacy protections.

We vetted the math app for COPPA compliance; Vendors must sign a COPPA addendum before deployment; Teachers avoid creating student accounts that violate COPPA.


Chronic Absenteeism

Missing 10% or more of school days in a year, excused or unexcused; a key indicator in many accountability systems.

Chronic absenteeism spiked in grade 9; The district launched home visits to reduce chronic absenteeism; Our accountability index now weights chronic absenteeism at 20%.


Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA)

The labor contract between a district and an employee union that sets compensation, hours, working conditions, and grievance procedures.

The new CBA includes a 4% salary increase; Class size caps are defined in the CBA; Negotiations opened to amend the CBA calendar.


Curriculum Map

A scope-and-sequence plan that organizes standards, units, and assessments across a course or grade level over time.

The curriculum map schedules research writing in Q3; Teams aligned labs to the district’s curriculum map; The map highlights priority standards for pacing decisions.


Data Dashboard

A visual, interactive display of key metrics (e.g., achievement, growth, attendance, behavior) for monitoring and decision-making.

Principals review the dashboard weekly with leadership teams; The public dashboard disaggregates results by subgroup; We added early literacy tiles to the data dashboard.


Differentiated Instruction

Tailoring content, process, product, and learning environment to address diverse student readiness, interests, and profiles.

Teachers differentiated by providing tiered problem sets; Small-group rotations support differentiated instruction; Observations look for evidence of differentiation.


Disaggregated Data

Student results broken out by subgroup (e.g., race/ethnicity, EL, disability, income) to identify gaps and monitor equity.

Disaggregated data showed gains for multilingual learners; The board requested disaggregated discipline data; SIPs must include goals using disaggregated data.


Dual Enrollment

Programs allowing high school students to take college courses for transcripted college and high school credit.

Dual enrollment partnerships expanded to the community college; Counselors guide students into dual enrollment aligned to pathways; We track dual enrollment completion as a readiness metric.


Early Warning System (EWS)

A set of indicators and analytics (often attendance, behavior, course performance) used to flag students at risk for failure or dropout.

The EWS flagged 45 grade 9 students after Q1; Teams assign interventions based on EWS risk levels; We validated our EWS thresholds with historical outcomes.


Educational Technology (EdTech)

Digital tools, platforms, and devices used to enhance teaching, learning, assessment, and operations.

The district is rationalizing its EdTech stack; Teachers use EdTech to provide immediate feedback; We conducted an EdTech audit for usage and impact.


Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief (ESSER) Funds

Federal pandemic relief grants (ESSER I/II/ARP) to support safe reopening, learning recovery, and infrastructure; most obligations ended in 2024 with limited liquidation extensions.

ESSER funded tutors and ventilation upgrades; As ESSER sunsets, programs shift to the general fund; The ESSER plan targeted unfinished learning in math.


English Language Proficiency (ELP) Standards

Standards describing the language skills ELs need to access academic content, often aligned with WIDA or state frameworks.

Lessons include targets aligned to ELP standards; Teachers use ELP levels to scaffold texts; ACCESS results inform growth on ELP standards.


English Learner (EL)

A student whose first language is not English and who needs language support to meet academic standards (also called ELL or MLL).

EL enrollment rose 8% this year; ELs receive services per their language development plan; We report EL progress as part of accountability.


Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

The main federal K-12 law governing state accountability, assessments, and key funding streams that replaced No Child Left Behind.

The state updated its ESSA plan to add a school quality indicator; ESSA requires annual testing in grades 3-8; Title I is authorized under ESSA.


Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

A federal law protecting the privacy of student education records and giving parents/students rights to access and control disclosures.

We trained staff on FERPA and directory information; Parent consent is required under FERPA for certain data sharing; The SIS vendor signs a FERPA-compliant agreement.


Flipped Classroom

An instructional approach where direct instruction occurs outside class (e.g., video) and class time is used for practice and application.

Algebra piloted a flipped classroom for quadratic functions; Students watch mini-lessons before class; PLCs compared outcomes for flipped sections.


Formative Assessment

In-process checks for understanding that inform immediate instructional adjustments; not for grades.

Exit tickets guide next-day grouping; Cold-call responses serve as formative assessment; The platform provides real-time formative data.


Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

The right of students with disabilities to receive special education and related services at no cost, tailored to their needs, under IDEA/Section 504.

The IEP team ensures services provide FAPE; Parents raised a FAPE concern about speech minutes; Documentation shows how interventions support FAPE.


Full-Time Equivalent (FTE)

A staffing and budgeting measure that expresses workload as a fraction of a full-time position.

The school is funded for 2.5 counselor FTE; Enrollment projections drive teacher FTE allocations; We shifted 1.0 FTE from intervention to science.


Funding Formula

The method a state uses to allocate K-12 dollars to districts (e.g., foundation formula, equalization, categorical grants, weighted student funding).

The proposed funding formula adds weights for ELs; Rural districts advocated for transportation in the formula; A WSF pilot will simplify our funding formula.


General Fund

The primary operating budget used for day-to-day expenses like salaries, benefits, supplies, and utilities (not capital projects).

ESSER-funded roles moving to the general fund; The general fund balance meets board policy; Textbook adoption comes from the general fund.


Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The federal law ensuring special education services, due process protections, and funding for eligible students with disabilities.

IDEA requires Child Find and IEPs; Part B funds offset costs of related services; The audit reviewed IDEA timelines and consent.


Individualized Education Program (IEP)

A legally binding plan detailing a student’s present levels, goals, services, accommodations, and placement under IDEA.

The IEP adds a transition goal for employment; Case managers track IEP service minutes; Parents attend annual IEP meetings.


Intervention Tiers (Tier 1/2/3)

Levels of support within MTSS/RTI: Tier 1 universal for all, Tier 2 targeted small groups, Tier 3 intensive individualized.

85% meeting benchmarks at Tier 1 is our goal; Students move from Tier 2 to Tier 3 after insufficient response; Schedules protect time for Tier 2 interventions.


Learning Management System (LMS)

A platform for organizing courses, content, assignments, communication, and grades (e.g., Canvas, Schoology, Google Classroom).

Teachers post agendas in the LMS; Parents access the LMS for progress updates; LMS analytics show assignment completion rates.


Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

The IDEA principle that students with disabilities should be educated with nondisabled peers to the maximum appropriate extent.

The team increased time in general ed to honor LRE; Co-teaching helps meet LRE while supporting goals; Placement decisions must document LRE considerations.


Local Education Agency (LEA)

The public authority responsible for K-12 education services, typically a school district or charter authorizer.

The LEA submitted its ESSA plan; LEA approvals are needed for grant budgets; Our LEA oversees federal program compliance.


Magnet School

A public school with a specialized theme (e.g., STEM, arts, IB) that attracts students from across attendance zones.

The district opened a dual-language magnet; Lottery demand exceeded seats at the arts magnet; Magnet programs diversify enrollment options.


Maintenance and Operations (M&O)

The function and budget category covering facility upkeep, grounds, custodial services, utilities, and non-capital operational costs.

M&O prioritized HVAC preventative maintenance; Rising utilities increased M&O costs; The board approved more M&O staff for new schools.


Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)

A framework that integrates academic, behavioral, and social-emotional supports delivered in tiers based on data.

We aligned RTI and PBIS under MTSS; The MTSS team reviews universal screening each quarter; MTSS schedules include protected intervention blocks.


One-to-One (1:1) Computing

A program ensuring each student has an assigned device for learning at school and often at home.

The district refreshed 1:1 devices in grades 3-12; Insurance fees cover accidental damage in the 1:1 program; Teachers designed offline options for 1:1 equity.


Per-Pupil Expenditure (PPE)

The total amount a district or school spends per student, often reported with site-level transparency.

PPE is higher at small rural schools; The dashboard shows PPE by school and function; Title I aims to supplement base PPE, not supplant it.


Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS)

A data-driven framework for teaching and reinforcing positive behaviors, with tiered supports and consistent discipline practices.

PBIS Tier 1 expectations are posted in every classroom; Office referrals declined after PBIS rollout; Teams analyze PBIS data monthly for hotspots.


Professional Development (PD)

Ongoing learning for educators and staff to improve practice, often via workshops, coaching, micro-credentials, or PLCs.

PD this summer focuses on literacy routines; Coaching cycles count as job-embedded PD; Teachers earn PD hours toward recertification.


Response to Intervention (RTI)

A multi-tiered process for identifying and supporting students with academic or behavioral needs using evidence-based interventions and progress monitoring; often nested within MTSS.

RTI data informed a referral for special education; Students exited RTI after meeting growth goals; We standardized RTI progress monitoring tools.


Student Information System (SIS)

The core system of record for enrollment, scheduling, attendance, grades, transcripts, and reporting.

The SIS syncs with our LMS nightly; Staff received SIS training on gradebook setup; State reporting pulls from the SIS data warehouse.


Title I

A federal program under ESSA providing supplemental funds to schools with high percentages of low-income students to improve achievement.

Title I funds support reading specialists and family liaisons; The Title I plan targets early literacy with evidence-based programs; Title I schools host annual parent meetings on rights and services.


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